Management theory for students, Summaries of Management Theory

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Department of special needs and

inclusive education

Course: inclusiveness

Be ExamClass family to get FreshMan Exams and other utilities

Con,t

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Disability means functional limitations due to

physical, intellectual or mental impairment, health or

cognitive disorders on a person (WHO,1996).

The medical definition views the disabled person as

needing to-fit in rather than thinking about how society

itself should change.

This medical definition does not adequately explain the

interaction between societal conditions or expectations

and unique circumstances of an individual the social

definition of disability:

Con,t

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Disability is a highly varied and complex condition

with a range of implications for social identity and

behavior.

Disability largely depends on the context and is a

consequence of discrimination, prejudice and exclusion.

Disabilities are a functional limitation of an individual to

perform a task as a normal manner of the communities

life.

It is a result of impairment.

Model of disability

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Traditional model of disabilities Traditional model of disabilities believed that, it is the result of God punishment, due to, their parents and ancestors wrong doing. This model also believes, it is caused by evil, criminal and sinful. There is no treatment, b/c it doesn’t focused on the medical and social aspect of the individuals.

Cont,t

Medical model: According to medical model disability is caused by, disease. This model believed that the disability is the child him/her self. it also think, the child is damaged, diagnosis and classification, Change the child to fit the system, b/c no attention about external environment. Can be cure through medication It characterized by Segregation

Cause of disability

 Genetic Causes Abnormalities in genes and genetic inheritance can cause intellectual disability in children.

Causes of

genetic

disorder

Disease s Illness

Over-exposure to x- ray

Malnutrition

Droug ht and desert climat e

Cont,t

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Environmental Poverty and malnutrition in pregnant mothers can cause a deficiency in vital minerals and result in deformation issues in the unborn child. Even after birth, poverty and malnutrition can also cause poor development of vital organs in the child, which can finally lead to disability The use of drugs, alcohol, tobacco, the exposure to certain toxic chemicals by a pregnant mother can cause intellectual disability to the child

Cont..

Inaccessible environments

Sometimes society makes it difficult for people with

some impairment to function freely.

When society develops infrastructure such as houses,

roads, parks and other public places without

consideration to people with impairment, basically make

it impossible for them to take care of themselves.

This way, their impairment is made inferior/worse.

1.2 Type of disabilities

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A. Visual Impairment Visual impairment in general terms has two sub- classifications. Blindness, total inability to see because of disease or disorder of the eye, optic nerve, or brain. The term blindness typically refers to vision loss that is not correctable with eyeglasses or contact lenses. Low vision, is used for moderately impaired vision. People with low vision may have a visual impairment that affects only central vision.

cont,t

 o   o   Types of Specific Learning Disabilities Dyscalculia is a specific learning disability that affects a person‘s ability to understand numbers and learn math. also have poor comprehension of math symbols, may struggle with memorizing and organizing numbers etc. Dysgraphia: is a specific learning disability that affects a person‘s handwriting ability and fine motor skills. It include illegible handwriting, inconsistent spacing, and difficulty composing writing as well as thinking and writing at the same time

Cont.. o

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Dyslexia: is a specific learning disability that affects reading and related language-based processing skills. can affect reading fluency; decoding, reading comprehension, recall, writing, spelling, and sometimes speech and can exist along with other related disorders.

Cont,t

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Articulation disorder exist due to anatomical or physiological limitations in the skeletal, muscular, or neuromuscular support for speech production. It characterized by;

Omissions: (bo for boat); shi for ship

Substitutions: (wabbit for rabbit); shili for Chili

Distortions: (shlip for sip) CC

        Language impairments: there are Five basic areas of language impairments:

Phonological disorders: abnormal organization of the phonological system, or a significant deficit in speech production or perception. Morphological disorders: are difficulties with morphological inflections (inflections on nouns, verbs, and adjectives that signal different kinds of meanings). Semantic disorders: are characterized by poor vocabulary development, inappropriate use of word meanings, and/or inability to comprehend word meanings.