Mapping -Higher Surveying, Slides of Civil Engineering

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PART III

MAPPING Higher Surveying

MAPPING MAPS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION 1-

• (^) created in 2300 B.C.E.

by the Babylonians,

living in what is now

modern day Iraq,

• (^) was scratched on a

clay tablet.

• (^) This map shows a

representation of the

world.

MAP

THE FIRST

-The language is a system of assumptions: “Also known as the five D’s”  (^) Description  (^) Details  (^) Direction  (^) Distance  (^) Designation

MAP

AS A SCIENTIFI C LANGUAG E

CLASSIFICATION OF MAPS PLANIMETRIC MAPS 11- 2

-a representation

of the earth’s

surface in the

horizontal

dimensions only.

-shows the correct

horizontal

position of natural

and man-made

CLASSIFICATION OF MAPS

PLANIMETRIC MAPS

• a representation of

the earth’s surface in

three dimensions

• shows the same

features as a

planimetric map and

addition indicates

relief, usually by

means of contours

which its

distinguishing

CLASSIFICATION OF MAPS

OPOGRAPHIC MAPS TOPOGRAPHY refers to all the identifiable features of the earth surface, whether natural or artificial, which can be assigned a special position

• (^) basic type of map used to represent land because it features the area covered as well as certain artificial features, known as cultural features
• (^) used in the design and planning of engineering projects where information is needed regarding land forms, gradients, elevations

CLASSIFICATION OF MAPS

OPOGRAPHIC MAPS

CLASSIFICATION OF MAPS THEMATIC MAPS 11- 3

EXAMPLE OF

HYDROGRAPHIC

CHARTS -Used for the

navigation of ships and cover the surface of the oceans and other large bodies of water

POLITICAL MAPS

• show only towns and political divisions without topographic features; geologic maps, showing the geologic structure of an area; and maps indicating the geographic distribution of crops, land use, rainfall, population, and hundreds HEMATIC MAPS

Commonness of Genetic Heritage

 Shape of the Head and Face

 Shape and Color of the Eyes

 Shape of Nose, Lips, and Ears

 Texture and Color of the Hair

 Skin Color

 Height

 Blood type

 And other physical

characteristics …

A group of people Sharing an identity which arises from a collective sense of distinctive history. ETHNIC GROUP

• (^) Boundary maintenance is observed between members, as well as by birth. - (^) Ethnic markers - the means whereby the social boundaries between ethnic groups are maintained.
• (^) Membership may be acquired

Race -label based on physical differences Ethnicity -label based on perceived cultural differences