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Straight leg raising test - CORRECT ANSWER-Used to test L4-S1 disc herniation or nerve root irritation. Ask patient to raise leg with knee extended. Radicular pain below knee is positive sign for disc or nerve injury. Thomas test - CORRECT ANSWER-Pull knee to chest. Detects hip flexion impairment. Ballottement or bulge in knee - CORRECT ANSWER-excess fluid or effusion McMurray test - CORRECT ANSWER-A palpable or audible click, pain, or grinding in flexed knee indicative of torn meniscus. Outward is valgus, inward is varus. Ataxia - CORRECT ANSWER-inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement Brudzinski - CORRECT ANSWER-sign characterized by involuntary flexion of the hips and knees when the neck is flexed Cerebellum - CORRECT ANSWER-works with the motor cortex of the cerebrum; involved in voluntary movement; processes information from eyes, ears, and touch Encephalitis - CORRECT ANSWER-acute inflammation of the brain and spinal cord involving the meninges; often due to a virus such as herpes simplex virus
Acute glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the capillary loops of the renal glomeruli Ascites - CORRECT ANSWER-accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity Cholecystitis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammatory process of the gallbladder most commonly due to obstruction of the cystic duct from cholelithiasis, which may be either acute or chronic Cholelithiasis - CORRECT ANSWER-stone formation in the gallbladder occurs when cirain substances reach a high concentration in bile and produce crystals Cirrhosis - CORRECT ANSWER-diffuse hepatic process characterized by fibrosis and alteration of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules Duodenal ulcer - CORRECT ANSWER-chronic circumscribed break in the duodenal mucosa that scars with healing Irritable bowel syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-disorder of intestinal mobility Lipase - CORRECT ANSWER-enzyme that acts on emulsified fats Peristalsis - CORRECT ANSWER-muscular contractions that move products of digestion through the alimentary canal Peritoneum - CORRECT ANSWER-serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity
Epigastric region - CORRECT ANSWER-Stomach and pancreas Left upper quadrant - CORRECT ANSWER-Spleen, pancreas, tip of left kidney Umbilical region - CORRECT ANSWER-Uterus, bowel, aorta Right lower quadrant - CORRECT ANSWER-Appendix, right ovary, bowel Suprapubic region - CORRECT ANSWER-Bladder, uterus Left lower quadrant - CORRECT ANSWER-Left ovary, bowel Abdominal bruits - CORRECT ANSWER-Swishing sound over aortic, renal, iliac, or femoral arteries. Could be narrowing or aneurysm Abdominal rushes - CORRECT ANSWER-High pitched sounds. Coincides with cramping, could be obstruction. Borborygmi - CORRECT ANSWER-Increased, prolonged gurgles due to gastroenteritis, hunger, or early obstruction Audible abdominal rubs - CORRECT ANSWER-Grating sounds could indicate inflammation due to tumor, infection, or splenic infarct Venous hum - CORRECT ANSWER-Often heard in cirrhosis Absent bowel sounds - CORRECT ANSWER-Could be peritonitis or paralytic ileus
Rovsing's Sign - CORRECT ANSWER-Rebound pain in RIGHT lower quadrant when pressure placed on LEFT lower quadrant. Murphy's sign - CORRECT ANSWER-Pain on deep inspiration when gallbladder is palpated. Psoas sign - CORRECT ANSWER-Pain in abdomen when resistant pressure placed on patient raising thigh Blumberg sign - CORRECT ANSWER-Also known as rebound tenderness. Cullen sign - CORRECT ANSWER-Ecchymosis around umbilicus. Could be pancreatitis, ectopic pregnancy, or hemoperitoneum. Dance sign - CORRECT ANSWER-No bowel sounds in right lower quad, could be intussusception or obstruction Grey Turner Sign - CORRECT ANSWER-Ecchymosis of flanks. Could be hemoperitoneum, ruptured spleen, or pancreatitis. Kehr Sign - CORRECT ANSWER-Accompanied by radiating pain to left shoulder caused by splenic rupture, renal calculi, ectopic pregnancy McBurney Sign - CORRECT ANSWER-Rebound tenderness and sharp pain when McBurney point is palpated. This is the point over the right side of the abdomen that is one-third of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus. Often due to appendicitis. Eversion - CORRECT ANSWER-movement of the sole of the foot outward at the ankle
Pes cavus - CORRECT ANSWER-high arch on the sole of the foot Pes planus - CORRECT ANSWER-"flat foot" Polydactyly - CORRECT ANSWER-presence of more than five digits on hand or foot Pronation - CORRECT ANSWER-rotation of the arm so that the palm faces down Radial head subluxation - CORRECT ANSWER-dislocation injury of the elbow Rheumatoid arthritis - CORRECT ANSWER-chronic systemic inflammatory disorder of the synovial tissue surrounding the joints Scoliosis - CORRECT ANSWER-physical deformity of the spine Supination - CORRECT ANSWER-position of the forearm when the palm faces upward Syndactyly - CORRECT ANSWER-congenital fusion of digits Tenosynovitis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the synovium-lined sheath around a tendon Phalen test - CORRECT ANSWER-Patient holds both wrists in a fully palmar flexed position with dorsal surfaces pressed together for 1 minute. Numbness suggestive of carpal tunnel. Tinel sign - CORRECT ANSWER-Strike patient's wrists with index or middle finger. Tingling sensation is a positive sign for carpal tunnel.
Frontal lobe - CORRECT ANSWER-contains the motor cortex; associated with voluntary skeletal movement Graphesthesia - CORRECT ANSWER-tactual ability to recognize writing on the skin Kernig sign - CORRECT ANSWER-attempt to straighten a leg of a supine patient after flexing the leg at the knee and hip Meningitis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammatory process in the meninges, the membrane around the brain and spinal cord Normal pressure hydrocephalus - CORRECT ANSWER-syndrome simulating degenerative disease that is caused by noncommunicating hydrocephalus Nuchal rigidity - CORRECT ANSWER-stiff neck; associated with meningitis Occipital lobe - CORRECT ANSWER-contains the primary visual center and interpretation of visual data Peripheral neuropathy - CORRECT ANSWER-disorder of the peripheral nervous system that results in motor and sensory loss in the distribution of one or more nerves Romberg - CORRECT ANSWER-patient standing with eyes closed is unable to maintain balance Seizure disorder - CORRECT ANSWER-episodic abnormal electrical discharges of cerebral neurons
sensations in each branch of the nerve. If the results are unexpected, also test temperature sensation in these areas. Fourth, test the corneal reflex. CN VII the facial nerve - CORRECT ANSWER-For CN VII (the facial nerve), observe for facial symmetry while the patient makes a series of facial expressions. Test the ability to identify tastes on the sides of the tongue. CN VIII the acoustic nerve - CORRECT ANSWER-For CN VIII (the acoustic nerve), test the sense of hearing and bone and air conduction of sound and note sound lateralization, as described in the audio review of the ears, nose, and throat. CN IX the glossopharyngeal nerve - CORRECT ANSWER-For CN IX (the glossopharyngeal nerve), test the patient's ability to identify tastes on the posterior third of the tongue. CN X the vagus nerve - CORRECT ANSWER-For CN X (the vagus nerve), inspect the palate and uvula for symmetry with speech sounds. Check the gag reflex and the ability to swallow, keeping in mind that this also tests part of CN IX. Evaluate the patient's speech sounds to detect any hoarseness, nasal quality, or difficulty with guttural sounds. CN XI the spinal accessory nerve - CORRECT ANSWER-For CN XI (the spinal accessory nerve), evaluate the size, shape, and strength of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, as described in the audio review of the musculoskeletal system. CN XII the hypoglossal nerve - CORRECT ANSWER-For CN XII (the hypoglossal nerve), perform four assessments. First, inspect the tongue at rest and while protruded, noting symmetry, tremors, and atrophy. Second, observe tongue movement from side to side and toward the nose and chin. Third, test tongue strength by pressing your index finger against the cheek as the tongue presses against it from the inside. Finally, evaluate the quality of lingual speech sounds, such as l, t, d, and n.
Deep tendon reflexes - CORRECT ANSWER-Biceps, brachioradial, triceps, patellar, Achilles. Score is 0 for no response, 1 for sluggish/diminished, 2 for active or unexpected response, 3 more brisk than usual or slightly hyperactive, 4 brisk and hyperactive with clonus Balanitis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the glans Chordee - CORRECT ANSWER-ventral curvature of the penis Cremasteric - CORRECT ANSWER-reflex characterized by rising of the scrotum and testicle when the inner thigh is stroked Cryptorchidism - CORRECT ANSWER-undescended testes Epididymitis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the epididymis Hernia - CORRECT ANSWER-protrusion of a peritoneal lined sac through some defect in the abdominal wall Hydrocele - CORRECT ANSWER-fluid accumulation in the tunica vaginalis resulting in a nontender, smooth, firm mass Hypospadias - CORRECT ANSWER-congenital defect in which the urethral meatus is located on the ventral surface of the glans penile shaft or the base of the penis Orchitis - CORRECT ANSWER-acute inflammation of the testes secondary to infection Paraphimosis - CORRECT ANSWER-inability to replace the foreskin to its usual position after it has been retracted behind the glans
Mittelschmerz - CORRECT ANSWER-lower abdominal pain associated with ovulation Ovarian cysts - CORRECT ANSWER-follicle undergoes varying rates of maturation and cyst can occur as a result of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction Pelvic inflammatory disease - CORRECT ANSWER-infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and other reproductive organs Rectocele - CORRECT ANSWER-hernial protrusion of part of the rectum into the vagina Salpingitis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation or infection of the fallopian tubes, often associated with PID Skene glands - CORRECT ANSWER-paraurethral glands Uterine prolapse - CORRECT ANSWER-descent or herniation of the uterus into or beyond the vagina Vaginitis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the vagina Vulvovaginitis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the vulvar and vaginal tissues Fibroadenoma - CORRECT ANSWER-benign tumors composed of stromal and epithelial elements that represent hyperplastic or proliferative process in a single terminal ductal unit Fibrocystic disease - CORRECT ANSWER-benign fluid-filled cyst formation caused by ductal enlargement
