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CE 264- CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND
TESTING
- CEMENTING MATERIALS 1.01 Lime 1.02 Gypsum 1.03 Cement
- STORAGE OF CEMENT
- CONCRETE 3.01 Definition 3.02 Qualities of Good Concrete 3.03 Materials of Concrete 3.04 Slump Test 3.05 Proportioning 3.06 Mixing 3.07 Transporting and Placing 3.08 Shrinkage 3.09 Curing 3.10 Admixtures 3.11 Forms
- PROCESSED CONCRETE 4.01 Types of Processed Concrete 4.02 Aggregates for Light-weight
1.01 LIME
One of the oldest manufactured building materials used as a mortar and plaster by all the early civilizations:
1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
- Egyptians used lime plaster before 2600 B.C.
- Greeks used it extensively for mortars and plasters
- Romans developed a mixture of lime putty and volcanic ash for the first real cement. Manufactured by the calcination of limestone (carbonates of calcium and magnesium).
- CEMENTING MATERIALS 1.01 Lime 1.02 Gypsum 1.03 Cement
- STORAGE OF CEMENT
- CONCRETE 3.01 Definition 3.02 Qualities of Good Concrete 3.03 Materials of Concrete 3.04 Slump Test 3.05 Proportioning 3.06 Mixing 3.07 Transporting and Placing 3.08 Shrinkage 3.09 Curing 3.10 Admixtures 3.11 Forms
- PROCESSED CONCRETE 4.01 Types of Processed Concrete 4.02 Aggregates for Light-weight
Hydrated lime mixed with water to make lime putty, is used as an ingredient of hard-finish coat for two-and three-coat Portland cement plasters. It is also used for mixing with cement mortar or concrete to:
- increase its workability
- decrease its permeability to water
- reduce cracking due to shrinkage A type of lime which will set under water is hydraulic lime, used only where slow underwater setting is required.
1.01 LIME
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS 1.01 Lime 1.02 Gypsum 1.03 Cement
- STORAGE OF CEMENT
- CONCRETE 3.01 Definition 3.02 Qualities of Good Concrete 3.03 Materials of Concrete 3.04 Slump Test 3.05 Proportioning 3.06 Mixing 3.07 Transporting and Placing 3.08 Shrinkage 3.09 Curing 3.10 Admixtures 3.11 Forms
- PROCESSED CONCRETE 4.01 Types of Processed Concrete 4.02 Aggregates for Light-weight
Gypsum, like lime, was used as a plaster by the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. “Plaster” from the Greek word for both the raw material and calcined product. In architectural terminology the words “Plaster” and “gypsum” are often used interchangeably.
1.02 GYPSUM
Gypsum rock is ground fine and heated (calcined) to between 325 F. to 340 F. when it loses about three- fourths of its combined water. The remaining product is Plaster of Paris if pure gypsum is used, or hard wall plaster if 39. 5 % impurities are present or added to retard the set and improve the setting qualities. Hard wall plaster is harder than lime plaster, sets more quickly and thoroughly.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS 1.01 Lime 1.02 Gypsum 1.03 Cement
- STORAGE OF CEMENT
- CONCRETE 3.01 Definition 3.02 Qualities of Good Concrete 3.03 Materials of Concrete 3.04 Slump Test 3.05 Proportioning 3.06 Mixing 3.07 Transporting and Placing 3.08 Shrinkage 3.09 Curing 3.10 Admixtures 3.11 Forms
- PROCESSED CONCRETE 4.01 Types of Processed Concrete 4.02 Aggregates for Light-weight Conc.
1.02 GYPSUM
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS 1.01 Lime 1.02 Gypsum 1.03 Cement
- STORAGE OF CEMENT
- CONCRETE 3.01 Definition 3.02 Qualities of Good Concrete 3.03 Materials of Concrete 3.04 Slump Test 3.05 Proportioning 3.06 Mixing 3.07 Transporting and Placing 3.08 Shrinkage 3.09 Curing 3.10 Admixtures 3.11 Forms
- PROCESSED CONCRETE 4.01 Types of Processed Concrete 4.02 Aggregates for Light-weight
First developed by the Romans by mixing slaked lime with pozzolana (volcanic ash) which hardened under water. With the fall of the Roman Empire the art of cement- making was lost and for several centuries.
1.03 CEMENT
In 1756 , Smeaton, an Englishman, rediscovered hydraulic cement but it was not until 1824 that Aspdin, an English bricklayer and mason, invented and patented Portland cement. Today, the word “cement” generally refers to Portland cement which is the principal type of cement in use.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS 1.01 Lime 1.02 Gypsum 1.03 Cement
- STORAGE OF CEMENT
- CONCRETE 3.01 Definition 3.02 Qualities of Good Concrete 3.03 Materials of Concrete 3.04 Slump Test 3.05 Proportioning 3.06 Mixing 3.07 Transporting and Placing 3.08 Shrinkage 3.09 Curing 3.10 Admixtures 3.11 Forms
- PROCESSED CONCRETE 4.01 Types of Processed Concrete 4.02 Aggregates for Light-weight
Cement should be protected at the building site from injury through contact with dampness. They should be stored in shed with a wood floor raised about 300 mm ( 12 ”) from the ground.
2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
Cement is soft and silky to the touch. If it has lumps that do not readily break, the cement has already absorbed a damaging amount of moisture. Cement should be used as soon as possible after delivery. Piles should be limited to twelve sacks in height. Warehouse set - when the cement is stored in high piles for long periods, there is a tendency for the lower layers to harden caused by the pressure above.
- CEMENTING MATERIALS 1.01 Lime 1.02 Gypsum 1.03 Cement
- STORAGE OF CEMENT
- CONCRETE 3.01 Definition 3.02 Qualities of Good Concrete 3.03 Materials of Concrete 3.04 Slump Test 3.05 Proportioning 3.06 Mixing 3.07 Transporting and Placing 3.08 Shrinkage 3.09 Curing 3.10 Admixtures 3.11 Forms
- PROCESSED CONCRETE 4.01 Types of Processed Concrete 4.02 Aggregates for Light-weight Conc.
Concrete is:
- a proportioned mixture of cement, aggregate and water.
- a plastic mass which can be cast, molded or formed into predetermined size or shape
- upon hydration, becomes stone-like in strength, hardness and durability. The hardening of concrete is called setting.
- when mixed with water and a fine aggregate of less than 6 mm (¼“) is known as mortar, stucco or cement plaster.
- when mixed with water, fine aggregate and a large aggregate of more than 6 mm (¼”) in size produces concrete.
- when strengthened by embedded steel, is called reinforced concrete.
3.01 DEFINITION
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS 1.01 Lime 1.02 Gypsum 1.03 Cement
- STORAGE OF CEMENT
- CONCRETE 3.01 Definition 3.02 Qualities of Good Concrete 3.03 Materials of Concrete 3.04 Slump Test 3.05 Proportioning 3.06 Mixing 3.07 Transporting and Placing 3.08 Shrinkage 3.09 Curing 3.10 Admixtures 3.11 Forms
- PROCESSED CONCRETE 4.01 Types of Processed Concrete 4.02 Aggregates for Light-weight Conc.
a. Cement ✓ soundness, or constancy of volume ✓ time of setting ✓ fineness ✓ tensile strength Each bag of cement is equivalent to approximately 1 cu. ft. and weighs 94 lbs.
- in reinforced-concrete construction should be high-grade Type 1 Portland cement type C- 150 conforming to the “Standard Specifications and Test for Portland Cement” of the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM).
- The kind of tests usually made are:
3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS 1.01 Lime 1.02 Gypsum 1.03 Cement
- STORAGE OF CEMENT
- CONCRETE 3.01 Definition 3.02 Qualities of Good Concrete 3.03 Materials of Concrete 3.04 Slump Test 3.05 Proportioning 3.06 Mixing 3.07 Transporting and Placing 3.08 Shrinkage 3.09 Curing 3.10 Admixtures 3.11 Forms
- PROCESSED CONCRETE 4.01 Types of Processed Concrete 4.02 Aggregates for Light-weight
b. Aggregates are:
- Fine aggregates (aggregates smaller than 6 mm (¼”) in size) consist of sand, stone screenings or other inert materials of similar characteristics. Specs: 80 to 95 % shall pass a No. 4 wire cloth sieve and not more than 30 % nor less than 10 % shall pass a No. 50 sieve. inert mineral fillers used with cement and water in making concrete, should be particles that are durable strong, clean, hard and uncoated, and which are free from injurious amount of dusts, lumps, soft and flaky particles, shale, alkali, organic matter loam or other deleterious substances.
3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS 1.01 Lime 1.02 Gypsum 1.03 Cement
- STORAGE OF CEMENT
- CONCRETE 3.01 Definition 3.02 Qualities of Good Concrete 3.03 Materials of Concrete 3.04 Slump Test 3.05 Proportioning 3.06 Mixing 3.07 Transporting and Placing 3.08 Shrinkage 3.09 Curing 3.10 Admixtures 3.11 Forms
- PROCESSED CONCRETE 4.01 Types of Processed Concrete 4.02 Aggregates for Light-weight Conc.
Coarse aggregates should be well graded in size to a size which will readily pass between all reinforcing bars and between reinforcement and forms but not exceed 25 mm ( 1 ”) in size for reinforced beams, floor slabs, & thin walls. They may range up to 50 mm ( 2 ”) for less highly reinforced parts of the structures such as footings, thick walls, and massive work. b. Aggregates
3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS 1.01 Lime 1.02 Gypsum 1.03 Cement
- STORAGE OF CEMENT
- CONCRETE 3.01 Definition 3.02 Qualities of Good Concrete 3.03 Materials of Concrete 3.04 Slump Test 3.05 Proportioning 3.06 Mixing 3.07 Transporting and Placing 3.08 Shrinkage 3.09 Curing 3.10 Admixtures 3.11 Forms
- PROCESSED CONCRETE 4.01 Types of Processed Concrete 4.02 Aggregates for Light-weight
- Special aggregates, such as cinders, blast furnace slag, expanded shale or clay, perlite, vermiculite, and sawdust, may produce: - lightweight, nailable concrete - thermal insulating concrete. b. Aggregates
3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS 1.01 Lime 1.02 Gypsum 1.03 Cement
- STORAGE OF CEMENT
- CONCRETE 3.01 Definition 3.02 Qualities of Good Concrete 3.03 Materials of Concrete 3.04 Slump Test 3.05 Proportioning 3.06 Mixing 3.07 Transporting and Placing 3.08 Shrinkage 3.09 Curing 3.10 Admixtures 3.11 Forms
- PROCESSED CONCRETE 4.01 Types of Processed Concrete 4.02 Aggregates for Light-weight
- The water-cement ratio is the amount of water used per bag of cement.
- This usually varies from 5 to 7 gallons, with 6. 5 gallons as average for ordinary job conditions. The less water used in mixing, the better the quality of concrete.
- The ideal mix is one that is plastic and workable. It should not be too dry that it becomes too difficult to place in the forms, nor too wet that separation of the ingredients result. WATER – CEMENT RATIO Assumed 28-day Compressive strength (lbs. per sq. inch) Maximum water-cement ratio U.S. gallons of water per sack Cement of 94 lbs. Pounds of water per 100 lbs. of cement 2, 2, 3, 3,
c. Water
3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS 1.01 Lime 1.02 Gypsum 1.03 Cement
- STORAGE OF CEMENT
- CONCRETE 3.01 Definition 3.02 Qualities of Good Concrete 3.03 Materials of Concrete 3.04 Slump Test 3.05 Proportioning 3.06 Mixing 3.07 Transporting and Placing 3.08 Shrinkage 3.09 Curing 3.10 Admixtures 3.11 Forms
- PROCESSED CONCRETE 4.01 Types of Processed Concrete 4.02 Aggregates for Light-weight Conc.
- used for measuring the consistency of a concrete mix.
- Consistency may be defined as the “state of fluidity of the mix”, and it includes the entire range of fluidity from the wettest to the driest possible mixtures. In this test the tendency of a mix to “slump”, or reduce its height due to gravity action, is measured. The apparatus consist of metal cone, the bottom opening being 200 mm ( 8 ”) in diameter, the top opening being 100 mm ( 4 ”), and the height exactly 300 mm ( 12 ”).
3.04 SLUMP TEST
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS 1.01 Lime 1.02 Gypsum 1.03 Cement
- STORAGE OF CEMENT
- CONCRETE 3.01 Definition 3.02 Qualities of Good Concrete 3.03 Materials of Concrete 3.04 Slump Test 3.05 Proportioning 3.06 Mixing 3.07 Transporting and Placing 3.08 Shrinkage 3.09 Curing 3.10 Admixtures 3.11 Forms
- PROCESSED CONCRETE 4.01 Types of Processed Concrete 4.02 Aggregates for Light-weight
