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Mechanical Workshop Practice in Lab II
Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
Workshop Processes for Practice
The areas in which the physics students are given workshop practice can be broadly divided into two sections as mentioned below.
1. Hand working processes
2. Machining processes
1. Hand working processes: The shaping of a part of can equipment or machine by hand operations using hand tools or equipment, can be considered as hand-working process. The commonly practiced hand- working processes are mentioned below:
- Hand drill machine
- Hacksaw
- Hammer
- Filing tool 2. Machining processes: Using metal cutting machine tools, the machining operations are executed to shape parts. The loading of the work piece, control of the machining operations, the unloading and inspection are done manually. The conventional machining operations practiced are as follows:
- Turning
- Drilling
- Milling
- Grinding
- CNC lathe
Safety Measures Safety is the primary requirement that a worker or student should learn before he starts working in a workshop. A student can easily learn how to work safely. Rules and regulations, mechanical guards and devices, posters and lectures about safety measures are very important, but they will never replace intelligent precautions taken by the student in doing work. A good and safe worker is the one, who is safety-conscious and always adopt safe and accepted procedures. The following are types of safety.
- Safety of the worker
- Safety of the job
- Safety of the machines, tools and equipment.
Wear safe clothing Wear tight shirt or dress while working inside the workshop. For good protection of the clothing, shop apron may be worn. Wear shoes with thick soles. Do not wear rings, watches, bracelets, or other jewelery that could be caught in moving machine parts.
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Safety measure while working the machines While working with machines, the guard should be in position. Replace them immediately after repairs, if any. Do not try to clean or repair a machine, if it is in motion. Cutting tools and workpiece on any machine should be clamped securely before starting. An operator of a machine should not lean against a machine.
Take precaution while using machine and hand tools:
Hacksaw Don’t test the sharpness of the blade of a saw by running finger across the teeth. While using a saw, check whether there is proper tension of the blade. Don’t apply heavy pressure or sideways force on the saw, because it may break the blade and even cause injury to hand.
Milling Machine Fix the drill bit tightly on the chuck and remove the tightening key. Clamp the work piece on the machine vice before starting drilling. The drilling surface should be perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the bit. A punch mark at the position of drilling can give accuracy in whole location. While drilling of small diameter, (less than 5mm) the axial load should be low in order to protect the bit from breaking. Clean the chips from the machine table using a brush.
Lathe machine Before starting the machine, clamp the job on the chuck solidly. Turn the chuck by hand to inspect the working, prior to the starting of machine. Keep the machine clear of tool and then start. Don’t stop the rotation of machine chuck by hand. Take measurement only after stopping the machine. Don’t remove chips by hand. Use brush or plier if necessary, to remove long chips while working on the lathe, only operator has to switch on/off the machine and not by a second person.
CNC Lathe machine (Turning Center) Turning center wit increase capacity tool change is also making a strong appearance in modern production workshop. The CNC machine is capable of executing many different types of lathe cutting operations simultaneously on a rotating part.
Fundamentals of programming Programming is the task of picking up dimensions or numeric values from drawing and coding them, according to certain rules, into numerical information for instructing the NC machine to operate. the information generated is called “Program”.
0100 N1G90G N2T N3M N4 G54G00X0Z N5 G1X
Drawing^ M
Machining Program
5. Cutting
Now, use scriber to mark out the block again, this time for “cutting” operation. You will
be using the “Hacksaw” tool. See the attached drawing (section A-A) to identify the
location for cutting.
Note:
Manual Lathe and CNC Lathe demos as per cylindrical job will be shown after the practical work.
