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PSYC222H EXAM 3 2024/2025 WITH
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According to Endel Tulving, which type of memory stores specific autobiographical events? - Precise Answer ✔✔episodic memory According to Endel Tulving, which type of memory stores facts and general world knowledge? - Precise Answer ✔✔semantic memories The types of memories that are NOT always consciously accessible and are difficult to verbalize are called: - Precise Answer ✔✔nondeclarative memories According to Tulving and other researchers, the ability to maintain episodic memories requires the ability to: - Precise Answer ✔✔perform "mental time-travel" to relive and review past experiences. Evidence suggests that nonhuman animals probably have: - Precise Answer ✔✔semantic and episodic memory The time period during which new memories are vulnerable and easily lost is called a(n) ______ period. - Precise Answer ✔✔consolidation Remembering an event that never actually happened is known as: - Precise Answer ✔✔false memory
When you remember information but mistakenly associate it with an incorrect source, this is known as: - Precise Answer ✔✔source amnesia Which of the following is true regarding depth of processing? A. It suggests that you should study in the same classroom in which you will be tested. B. It has been criticized for being too vague. C. It suggests that rote memorization is the best way to remember something. D. There seems to be no difference in brain activity for tasks requiring different amounts of processing. - Precise Answer ✔✔B. It has been criticized for being too vague. The memory test that involves generating information from memory is called ______, while the memory test that involves picking the correct answer from a list of possible options is called ________. - Precise Answer ✔✔free recall; recognition The type of amnesia in which a person has a temporary memory loss, usually lasting a day or less, is called: - Precise Answer ✔✔transient global amnesia (TFA) Research suggests that transient global amnesia may be due to: - Precise Answer ✔✔temporary disruption of the hippocampus.
Learned movement patterns guided by sensory inputs are called ______, while skills requiring the use of the brain to solve problems or apply strategies are called _____. - Precise Answer ✔✔perceptual-motor skills; cognitive skills Which of the following demonstrates that non-human animals can learn cognitive skills? A. Chimpanzees in the wild have learned how to use stones to crack nuts. B. All of the answers are correct. C. In the lab, experimenters have taught primates and other animals to use various tools. D. Dolphins can learn to repeat whatever action they had performed most recently when instructed to do so by a trainer. - Precise Answer ✔✔B. All of the answers are correct. An expert is someone who: - Precise Answer ✔✔performs a skill better than most people. Jacob has an exam tomorrow. He hasn't studied all semester, and is cramming his studying all into one night. Jacob is using ________ practice. - Precise Answer ✔✔massed Learning a skill without being aware that you've learned it is known as _______ learning. - Precise Answer ✔✔implicit
Which of the following is true regarding the forgetting of skills? A. If you are physically unable to perform a skill you once knew, it means that you have forgotten how to do it. B. Forgetting is rapid at first and then slows down. C. Once you learn a skill, you do not forget it. D. Forgetting is slow at first and gradually speeds up. - Precise Answer ✔✔B. Forgetting is rapid at first and then slows down During the ________ stage of skill acquisition, learners begin using stereotyped actions when performing the skill and rely less on actively recalled memories of rules. - Precise Answer ✔✔associative Which of the following is true regarding motor programs? A. Both cognitive and perceptual-motor skills can become motor programs. B. Motor programs must be learned. C. Motor programs must be inborn. D. Only perceptual-motor skills can become motor programs. - Precise Answer ✔✔A. Both cognitive and perceptual-motor skills can become motor programs. The restricted applicability of some learned skills to specific situations is known as: - Precise Answer ✔✔transfer specificity
Research suggests that the basal ganglia are involved in learning: - Precise Answer ✔✔both perceptual-motor skills and cognitive skills. Someone with damage to the basal ganglia would have the MOST trouble with which of the following tasks? - Precise Answer ✔✔remembering how to ride a bike A deficit in the coordination of purposeful skilled movements is called: - Precise Answer ✔✔apraxia People with apraxia have trouble: - Precise Answer ✔✔accessing memories of actions. People with apraxia: - Precise Answer ✔✔show the same rate of improvement with practice as unimpaired individuals. Which disorder is an inherited disease involving deterioration of neurons in the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex? - Precise Answer ✔✔Huntington's disease People with Huntington's disease: - Precise Answer ✔✔have deficits in learning tasks that require planning
Which disorder involves a reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta that control activity in the basal ganglia? - Precise Answer ✔✔Parkinson's disease People with Parkinson's disease: - Precise Answer ✔✔can be treated with deep brain stimulation. Symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease include A. tremors B. muscle rigidity C. facial twitching D. psychosis - Precise Answer ✔✔A. tremors B. muscle rigidity Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): - Precise Answer ✔✔briefly affects 'normal' patterns of brain activity The fear response involves _____ reactions. - Precise Answer ✔✔a combination of physiological, motor, and conscious The body changes that occur during arousal are mediated by the: - Precise Answer ✔✔autonomic nervous system. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion: - Precise Answer ✔✔the bodily responses associated with an emotion lead to the conscious feeling of that emotion.
B. remembering the birth of your first child C. remembering happy words because you were happy when you learned them D. remembering a game show you watched on TV last night - Precise Answer ✔✔B. remembering the birth of your first child Depressed people are more likely to recall unpleasant memories than pleasant memories. This is an example of: - Precise Answer ✔✔mood congruency of memory People who listen to an emotional narrative while watching an accompanying slide show remember the pictures from the: - Precise Answer ✔✔emotional parts of the slide slow particularly well Which part of the amygdala is primarily responsible for the increase in heart rate and blood pressure that is experienced when a person feels fear? - Precise Answer ✔✔central nucleus Which part of the brain is often considered to be the "sensory gateway to the brain?" - Precise Answer ✔✔thalamus Jumping and screaming in response to an unidentified loud noise are controlled by the _____ path from the thalamus to the amygdala; being able to calm yourself down once you realize it was only your cat is controlled by the _____ path. - Precise Answer ✔✔direct; indirect
Which of the following is true regarding activation of the amygdala in normal healthy people? A. Amygdala activation is associated with encoding but not recognition of emotionally-arousing pictures. B. Higher amygdala activation is correlated with better memory. C. Higher amygdala activation is correlated with worse memory. D. The amygdala is activated by unpleasant pictures but not pleasant pictures. - Precise Answer ✔✔Higher amygdala activation is correlated with better memory. Epinephrine: - Precise Answer ✔✔activates brainstem nuclei that produce norepinephrine. High levels of stress hormones: - Precise Answer ✔✔can cause cell death in the hippocampus. Damage to the hippocampus: - Precise Answer ✔✔reduces the ability to recall details of a learning situation. Which part of the brain is particularly important for expressing emotions in a socially appropriate manner and interpreting the emotions of others?
- Precise Answer ✔✔frontal lobes The failure to extinguish a conditioned response is known as: - Precise Answer ✔✔perseveration
The psychological syndrome that can develop after a person is exposed to a horrific event is called: - Precise Answer ✔✔postraumatic stress disorder A classical conditioning explanation for PTSD suggests that the: - Precise Answer ✔✔stimuli that occur with the traumatic event are CSs. A classical conditioning explanation for PTSD suggests that PTSD patients: - Precise Answer ✔✔take longer to extinguish a CR One difference between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and phobias is that: - Precise Answer ✔✔with phobias, the fear is triggered by a specific stimulus, whereas with PTSD the fear is triggered by a wide variety of stimuli. PTSD appears to be: - Precise Answer ✔✔dependent on individual factors that influence vulnerability to PTSD. Studies using MRI and twins have suggested that: - Precise Answer ✔✔people with a smaller hippocampus are predisposed to developing PTSD. The part of the brain involved in coordinating information within and across sensory modalities is the: - Precise Answer ✔✔association cortex.
Providing highly detailed yet false memories is known as: - Precise Answer ✔✔confabulation The basal forebrain appears to be involved in: - Precise Answer ✔✔determining what the hippocampus stores Which theory states that the medial temporal lobe structures are needed initially for encoding and retrieval, but their role diminishes over time? - Precise Answer ✔✔standard consolidation theory Joe just suffered a head injury in a motorcycle accident. According to the Ribot gradient, Joe will probably: - Precise Answer ✔✔lose all memories of the accident itself. Retrograde amnesia involves: - Precise Answer ✔✔the loss of memories for events that occurred before a head injury. Lesions of the hippocampal region have been shown to disrupt an organism's ability to: - Precise Answer ✔✔A. locate food that the organism previously stored. B. remember where food is stored in a radial arm maze. Correct C. All of the answers are correct. D. recall a list of words. Patients such as H. M. and E. P.: - Precise Answer ✔✔would repeat the same stories over and over.
