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GRACE SAM MATHEW 11018608
MEDICINE
SEMINAR № 1
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS). PINEAL GLAND (EPIPHYSIS).
THYROID GLAND. PARATHYROID GLANDS.
Endocrine glands. Common anatomical features. Hypophysis – general data. Adenohypophysis. Microscopic structure. Relations between the adenohypophysis and the hypothalamus. Neurohypophysis. Microscopic structure. Relations between the neurohypophysis and the hypothalamus. Epiphysis. Microscopic structure. Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands. Microscopic structure. Tasks:
1. Identify acidophils (acidophilic cells), basophils (basophilic cells) and chromophobes in the adenohypophysis; Rathke’s cysts in the pars intermedia; pituicytes and Herring bodies in the **neurohypophysis.
- Describe the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.
- Identify the epiphysis (pineal gland) and differ the pinealocytes** **from the glial cells.
- Identify the thyroid gland with thyrocytes and parafollicular cells.** **Describe the functions of the cells.
- Identify the chief cells and the oxyphil cells of the parathyroid** **gland.
- Hypophysis – adenohypophysis (pars distalis). SEM.
- 80 Hypophysis (human). H&E stain.**
3. Hypophysis – adenohypophysis, pars distalis: somatotropic, mammotropic, gonadotropic, thyrotropic, corticotropic cells **and chromophobes. TEM.
- 80’ Epiphysis (human). H&E stain.
- Follicles: external surface –internal surface without a** **colloid. SEM
- 83 Thyroid gland (human). H&E stain.**
MEDICINE
SEMINAR № 2
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ADRENAL (SUPRARENAL) GLAND. HEMOPOIETIC AND LYMPHOID
ORGANS RED BONE MARROW.
Adrenal glands. Microscopic structure. Bone marrow – red and yellow – microscopic structure. Tasks:
**1. Identify the adrenal gland.
- Identify the cortex and the medulla of the adrenal gland and** describe the differences between them. Identify the cortical zones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Describe the products of the cells. Describe the main **characteristics of the steroid-secreting cells.
- Observe and describe the microscopic structure of the active (red)** bone marrow. Pay attention to the sinusoids and the hemopoietic islands in the interstitium. **1. Adrenal gland – capsule, cortex (zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis) and medulla. Drawing of H&E stained slide.
- Adrenal gland – microcirculatory bed – corrosion cast and scheme.
- 82 Adrenal gland (human). Azan stain.** Virtual slide **4. 81 Adrenal gland (human). H&E stain.
- 100 Red bone marrow – rib (human). H&E stain.** Virtual slide 6. Erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. Scheme.
7. 1’ Bone marrow smear (human). Pappenheim’s stain. Virtual slide MEDICINE SEMINAR № 3 HEMOPOIETIC AND LYMPHOID ORGAN THYMUS. LYMPH NODE. SPLEEN. MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE. Self-preparation questions: Thymus - microscopic structure. Lymph node - microscopic structure. Spleen - microscopic structure. Mucosa–associated lymphoid tissue: types of organization and microscopic structure – tonsils, solitary lymphatic nodules, Payer’s patches etc. Isthmus of fauces (oropharyngeal isthmus). Tonsils – microscopic structure. Waldayer’s lymphatic ring. Tasks: 1. Identify thymus, lymph node and spleen according to their microscopic structure. Pay attention to the presence or absence of cortex and medulla in these organs. **2. Track the flow of lymph through the lymph nodes from the afferent to efferent lymph vessels.
- Identify the red and white pulp of the spleen**. What is the difference between the Malpighian corpuscle and the lymphoid nodules in the others lymphoid organs? 4. Recall the microscopic structure of the palatine tonsil. Describe the components of the Waldayer’s lymphatic ring. What is the histological difference between the epithelium of the palatine tonsil and those of the pharyngeal tonsil? Remark that: The lymphoid tissue of tonsils is organized in lymphoid nodules with germinal centers. The surface of the tonsil is covered with nonkeratinized squamous epithelium (like the oral cavity), which turns inward and forms epithelial invaginations – crypts. Many lymphocytes (very small, dark colored, round nuclei) migrate through the epithelium. 5. Recall the characteristics of the other types of mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue. 1. 99’ Thymus (human). Azan stain. Virtual slide
**6. Lymph node – peripheral region. SEM.
- 97’ Spleen (cat). Azan stain.** Virtual slide 8. 97 Spleen (cat). H&E stain.
9. REVISION AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS MUCOSA-
ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE
a) solitary lymphoid nodules in the lamina propria of mucosa and in the submucosa 51 b) Aggregated lymphoid nodules (Payer’s patches) – small intestine (cat). H&E stain. Virtual slide 53 c) Vermiform appendix. H&E stain. Virtual slide 42 b^ d) Lingual tonsil – tongue (human). H&E stain. Virtual slide 98 e) Palatine tonsil (human). H&E stain. Virtual slide 98‘ f) Pharyngeal tonsil (human). H&E stain. Virtual slide MEDICINE SEMINAR № 4 Nervous system Spinal cord. Spinal ganglion (dorsal root ganglion).
1.101 Spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion (spinal ganglion), ventral and dorsal roots (cat). Cajal’s impregnation.
1. 102 Spinal cord (human). H&E stain. Virtual slide 2. 103 Spinal cord (cat). Nissl bodies. Nissl stain. Virtual slide **(10)
- 104 Dorsal root ganglion (spinal ganglion). H&E stain.**
4. 120 Nerve (human). H&E stain.
3. 106 Cerebellum. H&E stain. Virtual slide 4. 106’ Cerebellum (human). Dentate nucleus. Cresylviolet stain. Virtual slide **5. 105 Cerebellum (cat). Cajal’s impregnation.
- Cerebral cortex – cytoarchtecture and myeloarchitecture.** Drawings of histological slides (Golgi stain, Nissl stain, **Weigert stain).
- 108 Cerebral cortex – precentral gyrus (human).** Cytoarchitecture and myeloarchitecture. Cajal’s impregnation.
7. 107 Telencephalon, cortex (agranular type) – precentral gyrus (human). H&E stain. Virtual slide 8. 107” Cerebral cortex (granular type) – adjacent regions of calcarine sulcus (human). H&E stain. Virtual slide 9 124 Hippocampus (human). Cresylviolet staining Virtual slide 10. 110 Telencephalon – fibrous astrocytes (cat). Cajal’s gold sublimate method. Virtual slide
**2. 112 Iridocorneal angle. Eyeball (human). H&E stain.
- Posterior surface of the lens, ciliary zonule and ciliary** body (a); zonular fibers, connected to the capsule of lens **(b). SEM.
- 112 Sclera, choroid, retina. Eyeball (human). H&E stain.**
**5. Retina - fovea centralis. Photomicrograph.
- 112 Optical nerve disc (excavation nervi optici). Eyeball** (human). H&E stain. Virtual slide **7. Cone and a rod. Scheme. TEM and SEM.
- 111 Lacrimal gland (human). H&E stain.** Virtual slide **9. Eyelid (human). H&E stain. Drawing.
- 119 Eyelid (human). H&E stain.**
Organ of hearing and balance. Osseous and membranous labyrinth. Organ of Corti – microscopic structure. Vestibular apparatus - microscopic structure. Tasks:
1. Identify scala vestibuli, scala tympani and cochlear duct. 2. Observe external surface of the cochlear duct, where blood vessels are placed between the layers of epithelial cells. Therefore, this part of the external surface is called stria vascularis. 3. Identify vestibular surface (vestibular membrane, Reissner’s membrane) of the cochlear duct, which separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli. 4. Identify the tympanic surface of the cochlear duct, which separates the cochlear duct from scala tympani. 5. Identify the cells of the spiral organ (organ of Corti). 6. Identify the bipolar cells of the spiral ganglion. **1. Inner ear – cochlea and cochlear duct (a); cochlear duct (b). H&E stain. Drawings.
- 113 Inner ear – cochlea and cochlear duct (guinea pig). H&E stain.
- Spiral organ (organ of Corti). 3D colorful reconstruction.
- 113 Inner ear – spiral organ of Corti (guinea pig). H&E stain.**
5. Regions of organ of Corti. SEM 6. Regions of vestibular apparatus. Schemes and pictures MEDICINE SEMINAR № 8 GUSTATORY ORGAN. OLFACTORY ORGAN. Self-preparation questions : Gustatory organ. Microscopic structure. Olfactory organ. Microscopic structure. Tasks :
- Describe the three types of cells of the taste buds.
- Identify the olfactory epithelium and the three types of cells, which it is made of. 1. Taste bud and its cellular composition. Colorful scheme (a) **and photomicrograph (H&E stain) (b).
- 42’ Tongue – vallate papillae with taste buds (human).** H&E stain.
