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Eukaryotes - Answer________________ = true nucleus, organelles. E.g human cells, Protozoa like Giardia and amoeba Prokaryotes - Answer______________ = no true nucleus, no organelles (e.g. No mitochondria) E.g. Bacteria Family and genus - AnswerHow are organisms classified/organized? genus and species - AnswerHow are oraganisms named? Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species - a way to organize organisms - AnswerThe pneumonic "King Paul Can Only Find Good Spices" stands for what and means what? Gram positive - AnswerGram positive or gram negative Shape of cell = cocci Family = micrococcaccae Genus = micrococcus, staphylococcus Gram positive - AnswerGram positive or gram negative Shape of cell = cocci Family = streptococcaccae Genus = streptococcus, enterococcus Gram positive - AnswerGram positive or gram negative Shape of cell = bacilli Family = bacillaccae (spore formers) Genus = bacillus, clostridium-ANAEROBIC Gram positive - AnswerGram positive or gram negative Shape of cell = bacilli
Family = lactobacillacae Genus = lactobacillus Gram negative - AnswerGram positive or gram negative Shape of cell = cocci Family = neisseriaccae Genus = neisseria Gram negative - AnswerGram positive or Gram negative Shape of cell = bacilli Family = enterobacterioccae, vibrianaccae, spirillaccae, pseudomonadacceae, pasteurellaceae, bacteroidosceae Genus = eneterbacter, escherichia, klebsiella, proteus, salmonella, serratia, shigella, yersina, vibrio, campylobocter, pseudomonas, bacteroides=anaerobic Adenoviridae - AnswerWhat is the virus family of the DNA human virus Adenovirus Papillomaviridae - AnswerWhat is the virus family of the DNA human virus papillomavirus Herpesviridae - AnswerWhat is the virus family of the DNA human virus' herpes simplex virus, varicella- zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein Barr Virus? Poxviridae - AnswerWhat is the virus family of the DNA human virus' smallpox, vaccinia virus, molluscum contagiosum virus? Hepadnaviridae - AnswerWhat is the virus family for the DNA human virus hepatitis B? Paramyxoviridae - AnswerWhat is the virus family for the RNA human viruses measles, mumps, respiratory syncytial virus?
I - AnswerInterleukin ________ = lymphocyte activating factor, made by macrophages, and for brain and nervous tissue II - AnswerInterleukin _______ = T-cell growth factor, made by CD4 cells, (CD4 = T-helper cell "quarterback of immune system" and directs response of immune system) III - AnswerInterleukin ________ = made by big bone marrow and in blood and lymphatic system major histocompatibility complex (MHC) - Answer_______________________ act as a post on surface (self vs non-self), involved with tissue graft reflection and organ rejection. MHC I -- MHC I&II - AnswerT-cells recognize ____________ B-Cells recognize _____________ Positive -- negative - AnswerThere are only 6 gram ______ and the rest are gram _______. Bacillus, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Staph, Strep Pneumonic = BLCCSS (blocks) - AnswerList all the gram positive organisms. "BLCCSS" Staph aureus - Answer__________________ produces alpha toxin aka alpha hemolysin Scalded Skin Syndrome, Toxic Shock, Osteomyelitis, Impetigo, Carbuncles - AnswerList the 5 disease caused by Staph Aureus. "STOIC" Impetigo - AnswerWhich disease caused by staph aureus is an infection of child, around the mouth, with a "honey crusted" lesion around the mouth? strep pyogenes - Answer_____________ = Group A Lancefield, Beta Hemolytic
Strep throat, Erysipelas, Rheumatic Fever, Glomerulonephritis, Impetigo, Scarlet Fever - AnswerWhat are the 6 diseases of strep pyogenes? "SERGIS" Erysipelas - Answer___________________ is a strep pyogene disease, AKA "Saint Anthony's Fire", and is a superficial form of cellulitis Enhances phagocytosis or cellular lysis - AnswerWhat is the purpose of the complement system? C3B - AnswerThe Classical (Ag-Ab) and Alternate (e.g. Sheep RBC's) complement system pathways meet at _________ Membrane attack complex - AnswerC5b-C9 complement pathway =
- Aschoff
- Babes Ernst granules
- Councilman cells
- Downey cell
- Epithelioid hystiocyte
- Gohn complex
- Guarneri bodies
- Gummas
- Koplik spots
- Lipfuscin
- Levy bodies
- Mallory bodies
- Negri Bodies
- Reed sternberg
- Russell bodies - AnswerInclusion Bodies: (bodies present in nucleus or cytoplasm of certain cells in infection by filterable viruses) Fill in the Blank:
- breastfeeding - IgA Artificial passive immunity - Answer__________________ = injection of preformed antibodies (e.g. Tetanus Antitoxin = pre made antibody attacks circulating toxins, not bound toxins)
- Antitoxin
- Endotoxins
- Entertoxin
- Exotoxins
- Fomite
- Hapten
- Neurotoxin
- Opsonin
- Prion
- Toxoid - AnswerFill in the blank for the Immune Terms:
- _______________ = antibody against a toxin (artificial passive immunity). Purified antiserum from animals
- _______________ = toxin from lipopolysaccharide layer of cell. Heat Stable. Gram negative have these
- _______________ = toxin that affect the intestines. E.g. Lipopolysaccharides can be these
- _______________ = toxin outside the cell from cell waste products, Heat Labile. COOK YOUR FOOD
- _______________ = inanimate object is vector
- _______________ = partial antigen or half antigen. Does not stimulate immune response
- _______________ = toxin that affects the nervous system. e.g. Botulism, tetanus
- _______________ = enhance phagocytosis (marks target for strike)
- _______________ = acellular protein which denatures other proteins. Cannot be autoclave
- ______________ = inactivated toxin (active artificial immunity) Choices: Neurotoxin, endotoxin, exotoxin, enterotoxin, hapten, prion, fomite, antitoxin, toxoid, opsonin
Lungs - AnswerAnything ending in "osis" is usually acquired or transmitted via the _____________ (e.g. Pneumoconiosis, Blastomycosis, Tuberculosis) Type I - Anaphylactic (immediate) Type II - Cytotoxic Type III - Immune-complex mediated Type IV - Delayed Hypersensitivity - AnswerThe pneumonic ACID for hypersensitivity reactions means what? Type I - Answer_________ hypersensitivity = anaphylactic (immediate) around 15-30 minutes, examples are bronchial asthma (allergy), Bee Sting, Hay fever, and cells involved are IgE, mast cell, and basophils Type II - Answer__________ hypersensitivity = cytotoxic, responds minutes to hours, examples are Goodpasteur's, Erythroblastosis fetalis, blood transfusions, myasthenia gravis, and Grave's Ds. Cells involved are IgG. Targets cell for phagocytosis. 2 things, antigen + antibody involved. Type III - Answer___________ hypersensitivity = immune complex mediated, responds 3-10 hours, examples are glomerulonephritis, lupus, RA, arthus reaction (local necrosis), and serum sickness. Cells involved are IgG and complement. 3 things: antigen + antibody + complement involved. Type IV - Answer____________ hypersensitivity = Delayed Hypersensitivity, responds ~48hours, examples are tuberculosis, contact dermatitis (poison ivy, poison oak), transplant rejection via MHC. Cell involved are T-Cell and lymphocytes
- Facultative aerobe
- Facultative an aerobe
- Heterotroph
- Parasite
- Microaerophilic
- Obligate aerobe
- Obligate a aerobe
- Zoonosis
______________ = "around" - flagella everywhere Ames test - Answer___________________ lab test = carcinogenicity, mutagenicity. Uses Salmonella Typhimurium Ascholi test - Answer________________ lab test for anthrax ASO titer - Answer_______________ lab test = antistreptolysin O Titre. Test Strep pyogenes antibodies. Rheumatic fever Babcock test - Answer__________________ lab test = % of butterfat in milk Bile solubility - Answer___________________ lab tests - Pneumococci vs. alpha hemolytic strep viridans BOD (biological oxygen demand) - AnswerWhich lab test is best for water pollution? Chocolate agar - Answer_________________ lab test - AKA Thayer Martin Agar, aka heated blood Agar). FOR gonorrhea Colliform - AnswerWhich lab test checks for E. Coli in water purification. Fecal contamination in water Coombs - AnswerWhich lab test, tests RBC antigens, Hemolytic anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, and Rh factor? Tzank test - Answer__________________ lab test = look for altered epitheloid cells Herpes Zoster & Simplex, also Varicella Holding/batch method -- flash continuous, ultrahigh, sterilization/Autoclave - AnswerPasteurization methods ________________ = temp is 145 F/~56 C, time is 30 min ________________ = temp is 161 F / ~65 C, time is 15 sec
________________ = temp is 191 F / ~80 C, time is 2-5 sec ________________ = temp is 274 F / ~121 C, time is 15 min Sterilization/autoclave - Answer_________________ = steam heat under pressure. Denatures membranes and is ineffective against prions. Blue/green -- red -- white -- yellow -- yellow/green - AnswerThe color of Pus (purulent) _____________ = pseudomonas aeruginos. Open burn infection. Unsanitized hot tub _____________ = serratia marcenscens _____________ = chlamydia _____________ = staph aureus _____________ = gonorrhea
- Formaldehyde
- Iodine
- Silver nitrate
- Penicillin
- Streptomycin
- Sulfa
- Tetracycline - AnswerDrugs
- _____________ = fix gross specimens
- ____________ = pre-op disinfectant
- ____________ = was used for newborns eyes but no longer used and erythromycin is used instead
- ____________ = for gram positive, inhibits cell wall synthesis
- ____________ = for gram negative, inhibits protein synthesis
- ____________ = for gram negative, competes with PABA
- ____________ = for gram negative and positive, inhibits synthesis. Turns teeth gray or yellow brown
Gram stain - AnswerWhich stain categorizes based on cell wall (Gram + vs. Gram -) Primary stain -- fixer -- decolorizer -- counterstrain - AnswerGram stain procedures: ______________ = crystal violet or methylene blue (Gram positive stains purple/blue) ______________ = iodine --> "Mordant" ______________ = acetone or Ethyl alcohol (alcohol wash). Removes crystal violet from thin walled (gram -) organisms ______________ = saffarin (red/pink color goes into Gram - organisms) Conjugation -- transduction -- transformation - AnswerCell sex of life: _____________ = plasmid DNA transfer via sex pilus. Bestows antimicrobial resistance _____________ = bacteriophage (altered virus) transfers genetic material b/w bacteria _____________ = direct uptake of free DNA Center for Disease Control (CDC) - AnswerWhich governmental agency is not for research, complies morbidity and epidemiological statistics? Environmental protection agency (EPA) - AnswerWhich governmental agency monitors soil, air, and water quality? Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - AnswerWhich governmental agency regulates health products released to public? National institute of Health (NIH) - AnswerWhich governmental agency is for RESEARCH, not statistics?
- Emerging
- Endemic
- Epidemic
- Etiology
- Incidence
- Pandemic
- Prevalence - AnswerPopulation terminology:
- ____________________ = new disease or rapid increase of a disease in incidence or in geographic range
- ___________________ = small number of cases in specific location. Present all the time
- ___________________ = rapidly affects many persons in a certain area within a few days or weeks
- ___________________ = study of the cause of disease
- ___________________ = # of New cases in given time period. E.g. How many new cases last year?
- ___________________ = more than expected # of cases of a disease worldwide
- ___________________ = Total # of cases at particular point in time? E.g. Total cases right now Congenital malformations and prematurity - AnswerWhat is the leading causes of death in infants? Heart disease, cancer, and stroke - AnswerWhat is the leading causes of death in adults in the US? Tuberculosis and malaria - AnswerWhat is the leading causes of death worldwide? Ascaris lumbricoides - Answer_____________________ = roundworm. Colicky pain, lives in small intestine. Most common roundworm in the world. Aspergillosus fumigatus - Answer_____________________ = in nuts and grains, makes Aflatoxin. Primary liver cancer. Fungus ball in lung Bacillus anthracis - Answer_____________________ = anthrax, woolsorters disease, inhaled spores, sporulation Blastomycosis - Answer__________________ = endemic fungus on eastern seaboard from Florida to Canada
Enterobius vermicularis - Answer______________ = Pinworm. Scotch tape or "anal cellphone" test, itching. Epstein-Barr virus - Answer_______________ = infectious mono. Downey cells Francisella tularensis - Answer_______________ = Tularemia, rabbit fever. Hunters may get this Giardia lamblia - Answer_________________ = mucous diarrhea, especially seen in AIDs patients Haemophilus aegyptius - Answer________________ = pink eye. Very contagious conjunctivitis. AKA "Koch-weeks bacillus" Haemophilus ducreyi - Answer______________ = chancroid. Soft painful chancroid Helicobacter pylori - Answer_______________ = stomach ulcers, UREASE positive Herpes simplex - Answer_______________ = fever blister. Type 1 is above belt, type 2 is below belt (Genital warts) Herpes zoster - Answer_______________ = shingles. Does not cross midline. Along dermatologist. Hides in DRG Histoplasmosis - Answer_________________ = Ohio/Mississippi valley fever. Calcific lesions in lung similar to TB HTLV-III virus - Answer_________________ = AIDS, HIV virus Klebsiella pneumonia - Answer_________________ = red current jelly sputum Legionella pneumophila - Answer________________ = legionnaire's disease from contaminated ventilation water droplets. "Pontiac Fever" = mild form of Legionnaire's disease
Leishmania Donovani - Answer______________ = Kala-Azar. Viscerotropic. Sand fly vector Leptospira icterohemorgagiae - Answer______________ = Weil's disease. Hemorrhagic jaundice. AKA "Leptospira interrogans" Loa Loa - Answer_____________ = River eye worm (African eye worm). Vector = files. In Africa Listeria monocytogenes - Answer_____________ = Listeria. Deli meats and soft cheeses Molluscum contagiosum - Answer_____________ = pink cauliflower lesion on female genitalia Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Answer_______________ = tuberculosis. Acid Fast (+) Mycobacterium leprae - Answer________________ = Leprosy = Hansen's disease. Acid fast (+). Destroys sensory nerves and skin Mycoplasma pneumonia - Answer_______________ = #1 cause atypical pneumonia. AKA "walking pneumonia". Penicillin ineffective b/c mycoplasm lack cell wall. Necator americanus - Answer_______________ = Hookworm. Most common hookworm in US Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer________________ = #1 PID/Salpingitis. Gr-Diplococcus. Chocolate agar. Coffee bean shape Neisseria meningitidis - Answer________________ = Miningitis. Only meningitis to get a rash. Can be fatel onchocerciasis volvulus - Answer_______________ = river blindness. Vector = flies. In Africa
Prions - Answer________________ = Acellular protein particles. Causes Mad Cow, Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis (BSE), Creutzfield Jacob's Disease (CJD), Scrapie (sheep), Kuru (New Guinea). Discovered by Stanley Pyusner Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Answer________________ = open burn infection. Blue/green pus. Most common cause of pneumonia in cystic fibrosis. Found in hot/warm & moist places, e.g. Contact lenses and hot tubs Respiratory syncytial virus - Answer_______________ = "RSV". Cause Croup and bronchiolitis. Most common respiratory infection in kids Rubella - Answer_______________ = German Measles. 3-day measles. Mild fever. Congenital rubella syndrome Rubeola - Answer_______________ = (Red) measles. Koplik (white/blue) spots on buccal mucosa. High fever. 3 Cs (coryza, conjunctivitis, cough). Atypical measles causes subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) Salmonella enteriditis - Answer_________________ = salmonella food poisoning. Heat labile Serratia marcescens - Answer______________ = red pus Shigella - Answer____________ = bacillary dysentery Sidomegalic paramyxoid virus - Answer________________ = mumps. Parotiditis --> LMN CN7. Sequelae = oophritis, orchitis Sporotherix schenckii - Answer________________ = rose bush thorns, gardeners at risk streptococcus mutans - Answer_______________ = gamma hemolytic strep. Dental caries
Streptococcus pyogenes - Answer_______________ = Beta Hemolytic strep. Group A Lancefield. Catalase(-). Pneumonic = SERGIS. Strep throat, Erysipelas, Rheumatic fever, Glomerulonephritis, Impetigo, Scarlet fever. Jones major criteria for rheumatic fever. Aschoff bodies on cardiac valves from rheumatic fever Streptococcus pneumoniae - Answer________________ = alpha hemolytic strep. M/c cause of typical Pneumonia Streptococcus viridans - Answer______________ = alpha hemolytic strep. Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) Taenia saginata - Answer______________ = beef tapeworm Toxoplasma gondii - Answer______________ = toxoplasmosis (vector = cat feces) Treponema pallidum - Answer______________ = syphilis. Hard painless chancre. 3 stages Treponema pertenue - Answer______________ = Yaws, non-venersal syph Trichinella spiralis - Answer________________ = Trichinosis. Diagnosed off X-ray and biopsy Trypanosoma gambiense - Answer_______________ = African sleeping sickness Vaccinia - Answer________________ = cow pox Varicella - Answer________________ = chicken pox. Maculopapularvesicular rash = Red, elevated and fluid-filled Variola - Answer_________________ = small pox. Guarneri bodies
