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MICROBIOLOGY EXAM #1 (CHAPTER 1,3,4,5,6)
QUESTIONS WITH 100% ACCURATE ANSWERS
Microbiology - Accurate answers The specialized area of biology that deals with organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye 6 major groups of microorganisms - Accurate answers 1. Bacteria
- Algae
- Protozoa
- Helminths
- Fungi
- Viruses What do microbiologists study? - Accurate answers - Cell structure
- Growth and Physiology
- Genetics
- Taxonomy and evolutionary history
- Interactions with living and non living environment What are the 6 different branches of study in microbiology? - Accurate answers 1. Medical microbiology
- Public Health microbiology and Epidemiology
- Immunology
- Industrial Microbiology
- Agricultural Microbiology
- Environmental Microbiology Medical Microbiology - Accurate answers Study of microbes as they relate to medicine, deals with microbes that causes disease in humans and animals Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology - Accurate answers Monitor and control the spread of disease in communities. USPHS, CDC, WHO Industrial Microbiology - Accurate answers - Use of microbes to manufacture important compounds
- Safeguards our food and water
- Also includes biotechnology
- Ranges from bread making to gene therapy
- Microbes can be used to create large quantities of substances such as amino acids, beer, drugs, enzymes, and vitamins Agricultural Microbiology - Accurate answers - Deals with the relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals
- Plant specialists focus on plant diseases, soil fertility, and nutritional interactions
- Animal specialists work with infectious diseases and other associations animals have with microorganisms Immunology - Accurate answers Studies a diverse areas such as vaccination, blood testing, and allergy. Immunologists investigate the role of the immune system in cancer and autoimmune diseases Environmental Microbiology - Accurate answers Studies the effect of microbes on the earth's diverse habitats. Example- aquatic microbiology, soil microbiology, geomicrobiology, and astrobiology eu-kary means? - Accurate answers true nucleus; cells with a nucleus are classified as eukaryotes Pro-kary means? - Accurate answers Pre-nucleus; bacteria and archaea do not have a nucleus and have been traditionally classified as prokaryotes What is a microbe? - Accurate answers A microorganism How are biology and microbiology different? How are they similar? - Accurate answers Biology is concerned with all the different scales of size that microorganisms exist on, but many fields on biology are concerned with more complex organisms such as mammals. Microbiology is concerned specifically with smaller, individual organisms. Microbiologists might be concerned with something as big as a bacteria, and they do study systems, such as the immune system, but generally they focus on smaller individual organisms. They are similar because they both study organisms, just on different scales. Bacteria - Accurate answers - Unicellular microorganisms
- Some cause human, animal, or plant diseases; others are beneficial.
- Prokaryotic Algae - Accurate answers - Unicellular microorganisms
- Prokaryotic
- Food or water borne
- Reproduce Asexually
- Photosythetic Protozoa - Accurate answers - Unicellular
- Eukaryotic
- Live independently or as parasites
- Mostly found in soil or water Helminths - Accurate answers - Multicellular
- Eukaryotic
- Worms Fungi/Yeast - Accurate answers - Eukaryotic
- Multicellular
- Protists characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall Medical Microbiology - Accurate answers - Deals with diseases of humans and animals
What type of organisms can proceed with decomposition? - Accurate answers Bacteria and Fungi Genetic Engineering - Accurate answers Manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Recombinant DNA Technology - Accurate answers Techniques that allow the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another and deliberately alter DNA Bioremediation - Accurate answers Introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants Biotechnology - Accurate answers Manipulation of microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting What is the difference between a pathogen and a microbe? - Accurate answers A pathogen is a microorganism that has the potential to cause disease, but microbes are not always pathogens True or Face: All microbes are pathogenic - Accurate answers False, few microbes are pathogens What are the top causes of infectious disease deaths in the U.S versus worldwide? - Accurate answers In the U.S: Influenza and pneumonia Worldwide: HIV/AIDS and Diarrheal diseases Bacteria and Archaea consist of what type of cells? - Accurate answers Prokaryotic Helminths, fungi, Protozoa, and algae consist of of what type of cells? - Accurate answers Eukaryotic What us a tiny infectious particle that requires a host cell? - Accurate answers Virus What type of cell contains membrane bound organelles and a nucleus? - Accurate answers Eukaryotic What type of cell does not have have membrane bound organelles nor a nucleus? - Accurate answers Prokaryotic What type of microbe is not a cell? - Accurate answers Virus What is Robert Hooke responsible for in Microbiology? - Accurate answers The first observations of microbes What is Antoine van Leeuwenhoek responsible for in Microbiology? - Accurate answers Invention of the microscope Describe the most recent scientific discoveries that have made an impact in the field of microbiology. - Accurate answers 1970s: Discovery of restriction enzymes 1980s: Inventions of the PCR technique 2000s: Importance of small RNAs
2010s: Role of the human microbiome What is John Tyndall responsible for in Microbiology? - Accurate answers Found that microbes in the dust and air have high heat resistance What is Ferdinand Cohn responsible for in Microbiology? - Accurate answers - Discovered and described bacterial endospores
- Discovered Sterile, which is completely free of all life forms including endospores and virus particles What are Ignaz Semmelweis, Dr. Oliver Wendell Homes, and Joseph Lister known for in Microbiology? - Accurate answers Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes and Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis - Development of Aseptic techniques. Showed that women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations done by physicians who had been working in the autopsy rooms. Joseph Lister - First to introduce aseptic technique and utilize hand washing and misting operating rooms with antimicrobial chemicals. These techniques are still used today What are Luis Pasteur and Robert Koch responsible for in Microbiology? - Accurate answers Luis Pasteur - Contributed to the microbial fermentation role in wine and beer production, invented pasteurization, showed that human diseases could arise from infection Robert Koch - Established Koch's postulates, a series of proofs that verified the germ theory of disease, linked a specific microorganism with a specific disease (Anthrax- Bacillus anthracis). Also developed numerous lab techniques What is spontaneous generation? - Accurate answers The theory that life appears from nonliving things Who is responsible for disproving spontaneous generation? - Accurate answers Luis Pasteur Who verified the germ theory? - Accurate answers Robert Koch Describe the steps in order for the Scientific Method - Accurate answers 1. Make an observation - through experience, thoughts, or reading
- Conduct background research - learn more about what you have observed Make a hypothesis - form a question to be tested and answered
- Experiment - Test the question with an experiment
- Observe outcome - Observe what is seen from the experiment
- Analyze data and draw conclusions - Explain what was seen and whether or not the hypothesis was corrrect
- Develop a theory backed by research What is a theory? - Accurate answers A well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations What is the field of taxonomy? - Accurate answers Science of classifying living things
Measles - Virus Leishmaniasis - Protozoa Gonorrhea - Bacteria Ringworm - Fungus The accumulation of changes that occurs in organisms as they adapt to their environments - Accurate answers Evolution Consist of prokaryotic cells and Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli are examples of this organism - Accurate answers Bacteria What type of microbe is classified as a tiny infectious particle? - Accurate answers Virus List the taxonomic categories in order from general to specific - Accurate answers - Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species The purposeful addition of a specimen into/onto culture medium - Accurate answers Inoculation A microscopic cluster of cells that originated from a single cell - Accurate answers Colony What type of medium allows multiple types of microbes to grow but is designed to show visible color differences among those organisms? - Accurate answers Differential What type of microscope uses visible light and produces well-defined, three-dimensional images? - Accurate answers Compound microscope What type of dyes are used in positive staining and are attracted top the negatively charged cell? - Accurate answers Basic Name several specimens that can be collected for culturing microorganisms, then name the five I's in order. - Accurate answers Nearly any object or material can be collected for culturing microorganisms, common ones are body fluids and tissues, foods, water, or soil. Five I's:
- Inoculation
- Incubation
- Isolation
- Inspection
- Identification Inoculation - Accurate answers - Sample is placed into a container of sterile medium
- Cultivation of microorganisms
- Involves spreading the sample on the surface of a solid medium or introducing the sample into a flask or tube Incubation - Accurate answers - An incubator creates the proper growth temperature and other conditions
- Promotes multiplication of the microbes over a period of hours, days, and even weeks.
- Produces a culture - the visible growth of the microbe in or on the medium Isolation - Accurate answers Microbes may take the form of separate colonies on solid media, or turbidity in broths. Single species of microbe Inspection - Accurate answers - The colonies or broth cultures are observed microscopically for growth characteristics (color, texture, size) that could be used in analyzing the specimen contents Identification - Accurate answers - Microbial profiles are determined y phenotype testing, genotype testing, macroscopic and microscopic analysis What is media and how is culture medium used in a Microbiology lab? - Accurate answers - Media is designed for growth of specimens
- Culture medium encourages the growth, support and survival of microorganisms Describe the 3 physical states of media and the purpose of each - Accurate answers - Liquid: found in test tubes, termed broths, milks, infusions
- Semi-solid: clot like, found in test tubes, determines motility of bacteria
- Solid: provide a firm surface on which cells can form discrete colonies What are the characteristics of agar? How is agar used in a Microbiology lab? - Accurate answers - extracted from red marine algae and solid at room temperature and liquifies at 100 degrees Celsius
- used to form a clot like consistencies in test tubes and Petri dishes, used as a solidifying agent What is the difference between synthetic and non synthetic media? Name and example of each - Accurate answers Synthetic (defined) media has chemical compositions which are precisely chemically defined. They may contain at least one component that is not chemically definable, contains extracts of animals, and may contain ground-up cells, tissues, or secretions. Non What are the differences between general purpose, enriched, selective, and differential media? - Accurate answers - General purpose media groups a broad spectrum of bacteria and support a wide variety of microbial life.
- Enriched media contains complex organic substances that fastidious bacteria require for growth and contain growth factors such as specific vitamins or amino acids
- Selective media allows only one type of organism to grow
- Differential media allows multiple types of organisms to grow, but shows different reactions (ex. Change of color) Can a medium be classified as both selective and differential? - Accurate answers Yes, some media can be both selective and differential Reducing medium - Accurate answers Grows anaerobic bacteria
Where are cultures disposed of after you are done with them? - Accurate answers Stream sterilization (autoclaving) or incineration are used to destroy microorganisms A microscope has a total magnification of 850x when using the oil immersion objective lens. What is the power of the ocular lens? - Accurate answers 8500 Magnification - Accurate answers Total magnification = power of ocular lens x power of objective lens Resolution - Accurate answers Distinguishes or separates two adjacent objects or points from one another Contrast - Accurate answers Degree of contrast from the surroundings. Iris diaphragm controls the amount of light entering the condenser What is the difference between using the virtual and real image when using a microscope? - Accurate answers The objective lens forms the initial image of the specimen which is the real image. The virtual image occurs when the initial image is projected up through the microscope body to the plane of the eyepiece to the ocular lens How does wavelength affect resolution? Why do you need to use oil when using the oil immersion lens?
- Accurate answers Longer wavelengths of light offer less resolution than short wavelengths. Oil prevents the scattering of light rays and increases the numerical aperture and resolution Name the microscopes that use visible light for illumination - Accurate answers Bright-field, Dark- field, Phase contrast, and Differential interference microscopes use visible light Name the microscopes that use UV rays for illumination - Accurate answers Fluorescence and Confocal microscopes What is the difference between a light and electron microscope? - Accurate answers An electron microscope uses beams of electrons instead of rays of visible lights like light microscopes do What type of microscope has the greatest total magnification? - Accurate answers Scanning tunneling microscope ( 100,000,000x) When would a phase contrast, differential interference, or confocal microscope be useful in a microbiology lab? Name and describe the microscope we use in a microbiology lab. - Accurate answers Phase contrast: most useful for observing intracellular structures such as bacterial spores, granules, and organelles, as well as locomotor structures of Eukaryotic cells such as cilia Differential interference: detailed view of unstained, live specimens by manipulating the light. Also adds contrasting colors rot the image and two beams of light rather than a single one Confocal: delivers sharper image focusing on just a single plane. Captures highly focused view at any level, ranging from the surface to the middle of the cell
We use a Bright field microscope which produces an image brightly illuminated. Used for both live, unstained material, and preserved stained material What is the purpose of making a wet mount or hanging drop technique in a Microbiology lab? - Accurate answers Fluid maintains viability and priories a medium for movement. Also provides a true assessment of size, shape, arrangements, color, and motility of cells What is the difference between positive and negative staining? - Accurate answers Positive charged dye sticks to the cell, gives it color, and is attracted to negatively charged cell walls. Negative charged dye is repelled by negatively charged bacterial cell walls. What is the difference between a simple, differential, and special stain? - Accurate answers - Simple: require a single dye, uncomplicated procedure
- Differential: uses 2 differently colored dyes to contrast cell types, or cell parts. Complex staining technique
- Special: Emphasize certain cell parts that are not revealed with conventional staining procedures Which stain provides more information: simple or differential stain? - Accurate answers Differential stain Name the four structures that are found in all bacteria - Accurate answers Cell membrane Ribosomes Cytoplasm Bacterial chromosomes in the nucleoid region What are the 3 general shapes (morphology) for bacteria? - Accurate answers Cocci Spirilla Bacilli Name the flagellar arrangement when flagella are located at both poles of the cell - Accurate answers Amphitrichous _______ _________ cells contain two layers in their cell envelope - Accurate answers Gram positive _______ ______ cells have an outer membrane made up of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - Accurate answers Gram negative What us the total size for a bacterial ribosome? - Accurate answers 70S Clostridium, Bacillus, and Sporosarcina produce dormant highly resistant __________ - Accurate answers Endospores Unique prokaryotic cells that are more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to Domain Bacteria - Accurate answers Archaea
Capsule - More tightly bound than the slime later, denser and thicker, formed by pathogenic bacteria, protects bacteria against phagocytic white blood cells Biofilms - Can infect long-term in dwelling artificial devices such as plastic catheters, intrauterine devices, and metal pacemakers Describe the structure of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall. - Accurate answers Peptidoglycan is found in the cell walls of bacteria. It is a unique macromolecule composed of gylcan chains cross linked with short peptide fragments. Also provides a strong but flexible support framework Describe the differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells. - Accurate answers Gram positive cells have a thick layer of peptidoglycan 20-80nm thick and gram negative cells have a thin layer of peptidoglycan 1-3nm Mycoplasma and other cell-wall-deficient bacteria lack a bacterial __________ __________. Name the most important medically species of Mycoplasma. - Accurate answers Cell wall. The most important species is What is the structure and function of the Gram-negative outer membrane? - Accurate answers - Contains specialized polysaccharides and proteins
- Lipopolysaccharide
- Polysaccharide chains function as antigens and receptors What is the structure and function of the bacterial cell membrane? What is typically absent in the bacterial cell membrane but present in a eukaryotic cell membrane? - Accurate answers - The cell membrane is a phospholipid belayer embedded with proteins completely around the cytoplasm
- The cell membrane transports the nutrients into the cell and discharges wastes.
- It is selectively permeable, water and small uncharged molecules diffuse freely, and special carrier mechanisms may exist.
- Secretes discharge of metabolic products into the extra cellular environment What is the structure and function of the bacterial cytoplasm, chromosome/nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes, inclusion bodies or microcompartments, and cytoskeleton? - Accurate answers CYTOPLASM:
- Gelatinous solution contained by the cell membrane.
- Prominent site for the cells biochemical and enzymatic activities
- 70-80% water, complex mixture of sugars, amino acids, and salts
- Also contains chromatin, ribosomes, granules, and fibers that act as the cytoskeleton BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME:
- Typically only one and found in a circular appearance
- Aggregated in a dense area called the nucleiod
- DNA is tightly coiled around protein molecules PLASMIDS:
- Non-essential pieces of DNA
- Separate, double stranded circles of DNA
- Confer positive traits
- Duplicated and passed onto offspring during replication
- Important in genetic engineering RIBOSOMES:
- Made of rRNA and protein
- Dispered throughout the cytoplasm
- Svedberg (S) units: Measurement of the relative size of cell parts through sedimentation during centrifugation
- Bacterial ribosomes: 70S
- Eukaryotic ribosomes: 80S INCLUSION BODIES:
- Storage sites for nutrients during period of abundance
- Single-layered membranes
- Vary in size, number, and content MICRO-COMPARTMENTS:
- Made of protein
- Packed full of enzymes and work together in pathways CYTOSKELETON:
- Long polymers of proteins similar to eukaryotic actin
- Arranged in helical ribbons around the cell just under the cell membrane
- Contributes to cell shape What is the structure and function of a bacterial endospore? Describe the life cycle of an endospore former. What genera of bacteria produce endospores? What is the medical significance of bacterial spores? Name the primary dye, mordant, decolorizer, and counterstain in the Schaeffer-Fulton endospore stain. What color does the endospore look like under the microscope? What color does the vegetative cell look like under the microscope? - Accurate answers - Bacterial endospores withstand hostile conditions and facilitate survival
- Stimulus for endospore formation: depletion of nutrients, especially carbon and nitrogen sources]
- Can resist hear, drying, freezing, radiation, chemicals
- Constant intruders where sterility and cleanliness are important
- Resist ordinary cleaning methods
- Frequently contaminate cultures and media
- Hospitals must protect against endospores in wounds
- Destruction of endospores important in the food-canning industry LIFE CYCLE:
- Germination begins when favorable conditions arise
- Exposure to water and a germination agent, stimulates the formation of hydrolytic enzymes that break down the cortex
- Core rehydrates and takes up nutrients and bacterium grows out of the endospore coats PRIMARY DYE:
- Malachite green
Describe the history of eukaryotes and the include the importance of endosymbiosis. - Accurate answers First eukaryotic cells appeared on Earth 2 - 3 billion years ago
- Bacteria and eukaryotes evolved from a precursor called the Last Common Ancestor
- Endosymbiosis
- Large precursor cell engulfed small bacterial cells that lived and reproduced inside the large cell ___________ are considered to be unicellular organisms. ____________ and ___________are considered to be unicellular or multicellular organisms. ____________ are considered to be multicellular organisms. Are plants and animals considered to unicellular or multicellular organisms? - Accurate answers 1. Protozoa
- Fungi and Algae
- Helminths
- Plants and animals are considered unicellular Which organelle for a eukaryotic cell is considered to the most important? - Accurate answers Ribosomes Which structures for a eukaryotic cell are considered to be external appendages? - Accurate answers The flagella and cilia What is the structure and function of eukaryotic flagella and cilia? - Accurate answers - Eukaryotic flagella
- 10x thicker
- Structurally more complex
- Covered by an extension of the cellmembrane
- Long, sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced hollow microtubules: 9+2 arrangement
- Certain protozoa and algae
- Eukaryotic cilia
- Similar in overall structure to eukaryotic flagella
- Shorter and more numerous - up to several thousand in some cells
- Found only in a single group of protozoa and certain animal cells
- Function as feeding and filtering structures on some cells Name and describe the different types of the eukaryotic glycocalyx. - Accurate answers Outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with the environment
- Also called an extracellular matrix
- Composed of polysaccharides
- Appearance -Network of fibers -Slime layer
- Capsule
Which of the following cells listed posses a cell well: fungi/yeast, protozoa, algae, helminths, animals, and plants? If they posses a cell wall, describe the composition. - Accurate answers Fungi/Yeast, & Algae.
- Rigid and provide structural support andshape
- Different chemical composition than bacterial cell walls Do all eukaryotic cells possess a cell membrane? What is the structure and function for the eukaryotic cell membrane? - Accurate answers Yes, all eukaryotic cells posses a cell membrane. Typical bilayer of phospholipids embedded with proteins
- Contain sterols
- Selectively permeable barrier
- Sophisticated mechanisms for transporting materials in and waste and other productsout Do bacterial cells contain a nucleus? What is the structure and function of the eukaryotic nucleus? What is the function of the nucleolus? - Accurate answers No, they do not have a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells do.
- Nucleus: the control center
- Compact sphere, most prominent organelle
- Separated from the cytoplasm by thenuclear envelope
- Nucleolus: Stains more intensely due to its RNAcontent
- Site for ribosomal RNA (rRNA)synthesis What is the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? What is the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)? - Accurate answers They are both Microscopic series of tunnels used in transport and storage -Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
- Ribosomes attached to its surface
- Proteins held for packaging and transport
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
- Does not contain ribosomes
- Synthesis and storage of nonproteinmolecules (lipids) What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus? - Accurate answers - Site of protein modification and transport
- Consists of a stack of flattened, disc-shape sacs
- Closely connected to the endoplasmic reticulum
- Receives transitional vesicles and forms condensing vesicles Describe the steps in order for the transport process, also known as the secretory pathway. - Accurate answers Nucleus, ER, and Golgi apparatus: Nature's Assembly Line (the secretory pathway or transport process)
- Genetic information originates from the nucleus
- Proteins are synthesized on ribosomes and deposited into the RER
- Proteins are then transported to the Golgi apparatus to be modified and packaged into vesicles
helminth morphology, life cycle and reproduction, and helminth classification and identification. Name at least four helminths and common name of disease or worm, life cycle requirement, and transmission cycle. - Accurate answers • Roundworms
- Nematodes
- Flatworms
- Trematodes (flukes) and Cestodes (tapeworms)
- Sometimes large enough to be seen with the naked eye: 1 mm - 25 m in length
- Multicellular animals equipped with organs and organ systems
- Reproductive tract is the most developed
- Primitive digestive, excretory, nervous, and muscular systems
- Majority of helminths derive nutrients and reproduce sexually in the host's body What is a definition of a virus? How does a virus differ from a cell? - Accurate answers Latin for poison. A tiny infectious particle, or obligate intracellular parasite. A virus is different from a cell because it can infect every type of cell What is the history of virology? Define the concept of a filterable virus. - Accurate answers Early discoveries
- Pasteur developed a vaccine for rabies
- Coined the term "virus" (Latin for poison)
- Ivanovski and Beijernick: tobacco disease caused by a virus
- Loeffler and Frosch: foot-and-mouth disease caused by a virus
- Filterable virus
- Infectious fluids were passed through filters designed to trap bacteria
- Cell-free filtered fluid remained infectious
- Proved that an agent smaller than bacteria was the cause of disease List all of the properties viruses possess. - Accurate answers • Viral size range
- Ultramicroscopic size
- Smaller than the average bacterium
- Electron microscopes are required to detect them
- Parvoviruses: 20 nm in diameter
- Mimiviruses: 450 nm in length - larger than some small bacteria
- Cylindrical viruses: 800 nm long, but 15 nm in diameter
- Viruses bear no resemblance to cells
- Need only those parts required to invade andcontrol a host cell What type of cells do viruses infect? Are viruses smaller or larger than cells? Can viruses differ in size? What type of microscope is needed to visualize a virus? - Accurate answers Viruses can infect every type of cell
- Bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, plants, animals Define nucleocapsid. - Accurate answers - Capsid
- Shell surrounds the nucleic acid
- Nucleocapsid: capsid and nucleic acid together
Describe the structure of a naked virus. Describe the structure of an enveloped virus. - Accurate answers - Naked viruses
- Consists only of a nucleocapsid
- Envelope
- Usually a modified piece of the host cell membrane
- Enveloped virus: nucleocapsid and envelope What is the structure and function of a viral spike? Where are spikes located on a virus? - Accurate answers - Spikes
- Found on both naked and enveloped viruses
- Project from either the nucleocapsid or envelope
- Allow viruses to dock with their host cells What makes up the viral capsid? What is the function of the capsid? What are the possible shapes of the viral capsid? - Accurate answers Viral capsid: the protective outer shell
- Capsomeres
- Identical protein subunits that spontaneously self assemble to form the capsid
- Helical capsid
- Rod-shaped capsomeres that form a continuous helix around the nucleic acid
- Icosahedral capsid
- Three-dimensional, 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners Describe the structure of the complex virus listed in the textbook. - Accurate answers - Found in bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria
- Capsid head, nucleic acid, collar, sheath, base plate, tail pins, tail fibers
- Have multiple types of proteins
- Take shapes that are not symmetrical What makes up a viral envelope? What is the function of the envelope? - Accurate answers - Composed of the membrane system of the host
- Cell membrane or nuclear membrane
- Regular membrane proteins are replaced with viral proteins How are viruses classified and named? The viral family ends in ___________. The viral genus ends in ___________. - Accurate answers - Informal classification system
- Animal, plant, or bacterial viruses
- DNA or RNA viruses
- Helical or icosahedral
- Formal classification system
- Structure
- Chemical composition
- Genetic makeup
- Virus families - end in viridae
- Virus genera - end in virus Describe the steps in order of the multiplication cycle of animal viruses. - Accurate answers • Multiplication cycle in animal viruses
