Microbiology Final (combined) Questions And Answers 2025/2026, Exams of Microbiology

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He first observed microorganisms using lenses - correct Answ Anton Van Leeuwenhock He build the first microscope - correct Answ Robert Hooke case of the disease; the Koch's Postulates state that the causative agent must be found in organism must be in pure culture; the sample must produce the disease in a healthy animal; the disease organism must be recovered from the inoculated animal - correct Answ every, isolated, same Parasites are classified into 2 sub-kingdoms: are unicellular and are multi-cellular - correct Answ protozoa, metazoa A living organism that acquires some of its basic nutritional requirements through its intimate contact with another living organism - correct Answparasite More-or-less permanent mutually beneficial relationship berween species - correct Answsymbiosis one species benefits, the other is unaffected - correct Answcommensalism both species benefit from the relationship - correct Answmutualism one species benefits and the other is killed - correct Answpredation One species benefits and the other is harmed - correct Answparasitism is a parasite that lives within another organism; an is one that lives on the surface - correct Answendoparasite, ectoparasite The organism in which the adult or sexually mature stage of the parasite lives - correct Answdefinitive host the organism in which the parasite lives during a period of its development - correct Answintermediate host A parasitic disease in which an animal is normally the host, but which also infects humans - correct Answzoonosis a living carrier that transports a pathogenic organism from an infected to a non-infected host, like a mosquito - correct Answvector Parasites have bodies and their bodies are covered with a thick - correct Answstreamlined, cuticle Parasites use and for attachment - correct Answhooks, suckers T/F: Parasites have no digestive, circulatory, nervous system or sense organs - correct AnswT Parasites have an extremely well-developed system. Many are hermaphrodites - correct y P y y i Answreproductive parasites must have the host to complete its life cycle. parasites are free-living but capable of infesting a host under certain conditions - correct Answobligate, facultative the extent of pathogenicity - correct Answvirulence ‘Lhe rapid transfer of the pathogen through animals of a species susceptible to infection by that pathogen - correct Answanimal passage the weakening of the disease-producing ability of the pathogen - correct Answattenuation A pathogen is passed from its normal host to a new host species and. then passed sequentially to many individuals of new host species until the pathogen adopts to new host - correct Answtransposal of virulance commensals that obtain nutrients from host secretions, waste substances and mucous membranes - correct Answnormal microflora microbes that are always present in the human body - correct Answresident microflora microbes that can be present under certain conditions in any of the locations where resident microflora are found - correct Answtransient microflora Some species of organisms that do not usually cause disease but can do so under certain conditions - correct Answopportunists Opportunists seize on the failure of the host's normal » such as che presence of another disease; introduction of organisms into body sites; disturbance in the microflora - correct Answdefenses, unusual, normal Competition between microbes - correct Answmicrobial antagonism Normal microbiota protect the host by: Occupying that might occupy; producing ; producing - correct Answniches, pathogens, acids, bacteriocins live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect - correct Answprobiotics Diseases that are easily spread - correct Answcommunicable diseases Infections caused by certain organisms in the environment are an example of ___- disease - correct Answnon-communicable disease of unknown cause - correct Answldiopathic disease disease caused by medical treatment - correct Answiatrogenic disease A change in the body that can be observed or measured is called a(n) - correct Answsign ic group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease - correct Answsyndrome group 8 y MP pany y fraction of a population thar contracts a disease during a specific time - correct Answincidence fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time - correct Answprevalence disease that occurs occasionally in a population - correct Answsporadic disease disease constantly present in a population - correct Answendemic disease a, period of illness. b. incubation period. c, prodromal period. d, period of convalescence, - correct AnswC Stage of disease with most severe signs and symptoms - correct Answperiod of illness Period of decrease in signs and symptoms of disease - correct Answperiod of decline Recovery from disease (final stage) - correct Answperiod of convalescence Transmission of disease via an inanimate reservoir (food, water, air) - correct Answvehicle transmission Infections acquired in health care facility and affect 5-15% of patients - correct Answnosocomial infections MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) - correct Answresistant to many antibiotics Factors contributing to emerging infectious diseases: Genetic ; evolution of new inappropriate use of ; changes in patterns - correct Answrecombination, strains, antibiotics, weather incidence of a specific notifiable disease - correct Answmorbidity deaths from notifiable diseases - correct Answmortality number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period - correct Answmorbidity rate number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time - correct Answimortaliry rate Systemic infection that began as a local infection - correct Answfocal infection The number of microbes that must enter the body to establish infection in 50% of test animals is expressed as the - correct AnswID50 lethal dose (of a toxin) for 50% of the test population - correct AnswLD50 Bacterial virulence factors include > (proteins on attachment pilli and capsules that bind to host cells), formation of - correct Answadherence, adhesins, biofilms Bacteria use to prevent phagocytosis - correct Answcapsules A way bacteria hide from host defenses is to alter their surface proteins. This process is called - correct Answantigenic variation Mycolic acid resists - correct Answdigestion Siderophores - correct AnswBacterial iron-binding proteins a toxin secreted by bacteria into host tissue - correct Answexotoxin Part of the bacterial cell wall released into host tissue as a toxin - correct Answendotoxin lagging strand is copied from 3’ to ___. RNA polymerase makes a short . DNA polymerase digests it and replaces it with DNA. seals the Okazaki fragments together - correct Answ5, RNA primers, ligase Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - correct AnswDNA-transcription-mRNA-translation-protein Transcription begins at a . The enzyme moves from 5 to 3 to the - correct Answpromoter, RNA polymerase, termination site _RNA contains codons. RNA comprises the 70 s ribosome. _RNA contains the anticodon and transfers amino acids to ribosomes - correct Answm, 1, t DNA uses code; mRNA uses ; tRNA uses. = correct Answtriplet code, codon, anticodon Point mutation affect a - correct Answsingle base frameshift mutations affect more than one base in IDNA. It usually involves or - correct Answinsertion, deletion jumping genes are are when a piece of DNA breaks off and flips upside down - correct Answtransposons, inversions Many plasmids are found in gram bacteria. are proteins made by bacteria as a defense against foreign DNA. Each one recognizes a base pair sequence and DNA when they see it - correct Answnegative, restriction enzymes Three forms of genetic transfer in bacteria are: - correct Answtransformation, conjugation, transduction Agriculture, bioremediation, medicine, and gene therapy all use method of genetic transfer in bacteria - correct Answtransformation In conjugation, a is transferred from one cell to another across a - correct Answplasmid, sex pilis In transduction, a infects a donor cell. It's DNA is injected and the cell starts producing it. As new phages are assembled in the cell, pieces of the bacterial can get included. When the donor cell all the phages are released and infect other cells. - correct Answphage, DNA, lyses Catabolism - correct Answbreaking down, releasing energy, oxidation, cellular respiration Anabolism - correct Answbuilding up, storage of energy, reduction, photosynthesis Reduced FAD - correct AnswFADH2 Reduced NAD - correct AnswNADH Pyruvic acid (pyruvate) - correct AnswA three-carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis. oxidative phosphorylation in glycolysis - correct Answ2PGAL is oxidized and a phosphorous added. 2NADs are reduced to offset How are 4 ATPs formed in glycolysis? - correct Answ he 2PGAL molecules each lose 2 P atoms which join with 2ADPs activation energy for glycolysis - correct Answ2 ATP eukaryotic cells only get A'l'Ps because 2 are used moving NADs into the mitochondria - correct Answ36 is che ultimate acceptor of e - correct Answoxygen cellular respiration equation - correct AnswC6H1206+602-—-> 6CO2+6H20+ATP only ___ to ___% of glucose becomes ATP. The rest becomes heat - correct Answ30-40 keal in glucose molecule - correct Answ630 keal used to make | ATP - correct Answ73 Glycerol can take the place of - correct AnswPGAL Fatty acids can take the place of - correct Answacetyl CO-A proteins and amino acids can take the place of - correct Answany molecule prior to krebs cycle Carbohydrates - correct AnswAn energy-rich organic compound made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Monosaccharides - correct AnswSingle sugar molecules Polysaccharides - correct Answlarge macromolecules formed from monosaccharides amino acid structure - correct AnswH, NH2, COOH bonded to a central carbon and then a variable R group peptide bond - correct AnswThe chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid nucleic acids - correct Answ RNA - correct Answnucleus and cytoplasm is where is found Plasmid - correct Answsmall, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria Pillus - correct AnswThis structure helps the cell adhere to surfaces and transmit genetic information to other cells Duplication/Replication - correct Answhow IDNA reproduces Transcription - correct Answthe organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA Codons and Anticodons - correct AnswmRNA has , while CRNA has tRNA (transfer RNA) - correct AnswThe form of RNA that carries each amino acid to the ribsome to form the polypeptide chain (protein) reduction, oxidation - correct Answ. is gaining an electron and H; is losing an electron and H enzyme that breaks down H202 + 20+ to 2H20 - correct Answperoxidase environments cause plasmolysis (movement of water out of cell), which growth of the cell - correct Answhypertonic, inhibits Halophiles desire a salt concentration of % - correct Answ3.5 Chemical requirements for growth - correct AnswCarbon, Nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous Trace elements Oxygen Organic growth factor Carbon is needed for growth because of its properties for organic molecules - correct Answstructural Nitrogen is needed for organic growth because it's used in __ and - correct Answamino acids, proteins Sulfur is needed for organic growth because it's used in - correct Answamino acids Phosophorus is needed for growth because it's used in and - correct Answnucleic acids, ATP ‘race elements are used mostly as cofactors - correct Answenzyme Organic growth factors are used for - correct Answvitamins, purines, pyramidines Microbes that require high CO2 conditions - correct Answceapnophiles The effect of cold on bacteria is - correct Answbacteriostatic Temperature that kills bacteria in 10 minutes - correct Answthermal death point time required to kill all the bacteria in a culture at a given temperature - correct Answthermal death time Length of time needed to kill 90% of organisms in a given population at a given temperature - correct Answlecimal Reduction ‘Time (D-value) The killing or removal of all microorganisms, including bacterial spores, is called - correct Answsterilization reduction of the number of pathogenic organisms to the point where they pose no danger - correct Answdisinfection A chemical agent that can be safely used on living tissue to destroy microbes - correct Answantiseptic A chemical agent used on food-handling equipment to reduce bacterial numbers, such as washing with soap or detergent - correct AnswSanitizer A sample is sterile if there is less than a 1-in-a chance of finding a live organism - correct Answmillion Detergents, soaps, alcohols affect a bacteria's - correct Answmembrane Fungi feed through extracellular digestion and then absorption. ‘l'hey secrete onto their food to break it down - correct Answexoenzymes Fungus and algae growing together in a mutualistic relationship - correct Answlichen Fungi are not normally pathogenic but can be pathogens when someone has a compromised. immune system - correct Answopportunistic acid fast are gram positive bacteria with produce a waxy substance outside their cell walls that's made of - correct Answteichoic acid Peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide and the enzyme which can break down hydrogen peroxide ~ correct Answeatalase Material that a capsule around a bacterium would be made from - correct Answglycocalyx Ribosomes are synthesized in the - correct Answnucleolus yeasts are part of the classification - correct Answfungi Generation time is the time it takes for the population to - correct Answdouble