Download Microbiology summary timeline and more Summaries Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Timeline Scientists Contribution & Explanation Experiment Annotation
Observed a thin slice of cork(Death plant cell) with a microscope
Describe what he observed as in year1673, first microbes observed "cell"
First person to ~observe living cell and describe BACTERIA and PROTOZOA
~invent microscope
He called these tiny living organisms as "animalcules"
Discovered 1st Vaccine; small pox vaccine
A person could not get smallpox if she already been sick from cowpox Edward jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus.The person was then protected from smallpox inoculate=
The protecion called immunity
Demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms
Showed that if dust was absent, nutrient broths remained sterile, even if exposed to air
Provided evidence for the Endospores or Spores: a heat resistant form of bacteria that cannot be killed by boiling existance of exceptionally heat-resistant forms of bacteria
Tyndall developed a sterilization technique that could kill spores
Divide bacteria into 4 main group
Study of unicellular algae and bacteria, discovered that some bacteria form endospores.
Describe the lifecycle of the endospore-formaing baterium vegetative cells will be kill by boiling but endospores does not. Bacilus and showed that only
Devised highly effective method for preventing and contamination of culture media, such as use cotton for closing flask and tubes. contamination =
Discovered the heat resistant bacteria recognized by Tyndall were species capable of producing
bacterial spores
Developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering the wounds Spray phenol in the instruments and over the wounds
use a chemical disinfectant to showing microbes are in the air prevent surgical wound infection after looking at Pasteur's work disinfectant=
1821-1902 Rudolf Virchow Presented Biogenesis: "living cells can arise only from preexisting cells"
Discovered the first antibiotic
To made penicillin that killed S. aureus ← He observed Penicillium fungus
Father of Medical Microbiology
Discovered pure culture in solid media
T Isolating microbes from an infected subject and cutivate it in pure culture in the lab
T Inoculate a susceptible subject with the laboratory isolate and observe the same resultant disease susceptible=
4 RULE:
1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in a organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms. 1 Microorganisms are isolated from a dead animal
2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. 2 The microorganisms are then grown in pure culture
4. The microorganism must be isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and^ 3. The cultured microorganism should^ cause disease^ when introduced into a healthy organism.^3 The microorganisms are then identified
identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent. 4 The microorganisms are then inject into a healthy animal
56 The disease is reproduced in the second animal.microorganisms are isloated from this animal
7 Pathogenic microorganisms are grow in pure culture
8 identical microorganisms are identified
CELL
1876-1883 Robert Koch
Koch's postulates-To find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of disease ←
1928 Alexander Fleming
"BIOGENESIS"
ANTIBIOTIC
1828-1898 Ferdinand Cohn
DISINFECT
1860 Joseph Lister
MICROORGANISM
1820-1893 John Tyndall
VECCINE
1796-1798 Edward jenner ←
1635-1703 Robert Hooke
1632-1723 Anton van leeuwenhoek
History of microbiology (Timeline summary)
Timeline Scientists Contribution & Explanation Experiment Annotation Disproved "sponteneous generation" theory and show that maggots on decaying meat came from fly egg(1668) 1 Redi placed meat into 3 containers He demonstrated that maggots arise from the eggs of flies rather than directly from rotting meat 2 One was uncovered , second was covered with paper and third was coverd with fine gauze that would exclude flies O Flies laid their egg on the uncoverd meat and maggots developed O The other 2 meat did not produce maggots spontaneously. However, flies were attracted to gauze covered container and laid egg on the gauze(these eggs produced maggots) C The generation of maggots by decaying meat resulted from the presence of fly eggs, and meat did not spontaneously generate maggots, as previously believed. Performed experiment similar to Redi's T Introduced the first culture medium for microbial growth He could boil hay for long time and microbes still arose T Utilized infusion broth prepared by boiling meat,grain,…to extract nutrients. T The turbidity of the broth indicated growth Turbidity=cloudiness or haziness of a fluid 1 Needham boiled the mutton broth in flask then he tightly Broth= O Eventually many of the flask became cloudly and contained microorganisms. C He thought organic matter contained vital force that confer the properties of life on non living matter Repeated Needham's experiment by improving the experimental design by first sealing the glass flask 1 placed the sealed flask into boiling water for three-quarters of an hours Boiled a nutritional broth, sealed it, found no microbial growth O no growth took place as long as the flask remained sealed (Spallanzani experiment showed that bacteria could be killed by boiling; however, there are some bacteria life forms that cannot be destroyed by boiling as we will learn) C the air carried germs to culture medium but commented that the external air might be required for growth of animal already in the medium O The broth quickly become clouded Founder of modern microbiology Disproves spontaneous generation theory Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air The idea was to prevented falling particles from reaching the broth, while still allowing the free flow of air ←^1 Pasteur Boiled a meat in a flask that had a long neck that curve downward, like a swan 2 He trapped airborne organisms in cotton 3 then heat the necks of flask 4 Draw the organisms out into the long curves, sterilized the media and left the flask open to the air Dust particle carrying organisms did not reach the medium, instead they were trapped in the neck of the flask. ←^5 The flask remained free of growth for an extended period 6 Turn the flask to allow the particles fall down the bends 1626-1697 Franciso Redi 1749 John Needham 1740-1776 Lazzaro Spallanzani 1857- Louis Pasteur(Golden Age of Microbio) Francesco stopped Spontaneous generation Theory Summary
Timeline Scientists Contribution & Explanation Experiment Annotation Observed a thin slice of cork(Death plant cell) with a microscope Describe what he observed as "cell" in year1673, first microbes observed First person to ~observe living cell and describe BACTERIA and PROTOZOA ~invent microscope He called these tiny living organisms as "animalcules" Disproved "sponteneous generation" theory and show that maggots on decaying meat came from fly egg(1668) 1 Redi placed meat into 3 containers He demonstrated that maggots arise from the eggs of flies rather than directly from rotting meat 2 One was uncovered , second was covered with paper and third was coverd with fine gauze that would exclude flies O Flies laid their egg on the uncoverd meat and maggots developed O The other 2 meat did not produce maggots spontaneously. However, flies were attracted to gauze covered container and laid egg on the gauze(these eggs produced maggots) C The generation of maggots by decaying meat resulted from the presence of fly eggs, and meat did not spontaneously generate maggots, as previously believed. Performed experiment similar to Redi's T Introduced the first culture medium for microbial growth He could boil hay for long time and microbes still arose T Utilized infusion broth prepared by boiling meat,grain,…to extract nutrients. T The turbidity of the broth indicated growth Turbidity=cloudiness or haziness of a fluid 1 Needham boiled the mutton broth in flask then he tightly stoppered Broth= O Eventually many of the flask became cloudly and contained microorganisms. C He thought organic matter contained vital force that confer the properties of life on non living matter Repeated Needham's experiment by improving the experimental design by first sealing the glass flask 1 placed the sealed flask into boiling water for three-quarters of an hours Boiled a nutritional broth, sealed it, found no microbial growth O no growth took place as long as the flask remained sealed (Spallanzani experiment showed that bacteria could be killed by boiling; however, there are some bacteria life forms that cannot be destroyed by boiling as we will learn) C the air carried germs to culture medium but commented that the external air might be required for growth of animal already in the medium O The broth quickly become clouded Robert Hooke Anton van leeuwenhoek Franciso Redi John Needham Lazzaro Spallanzani 1635- 1632- 1626- 1749 1740-
Discovered 1st Vaccine; small pox vaccine A person could not get cowpox if she already been sick from cowpox Edward jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus.The person was then protected from smallpox inoculate= The protecion called immunity Founder of modern microbiology Disproves spontaneous generation theory Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air The idea was to prevented falling particles from reaching the broth, while still allowing the free flow of air ←^1 Pasteur Boiled a meat in a flask that had a long neck that curve downward, like a swan 2 He trapped airborne organisms in cotton 3 then heat the necks of flask 4 Draw the organisms out into the long curves, sterilized the media and left the flask open to the air Dust particle carrying organisms did not reach the medium, instead they were trapped in the neck of the flask. ←^5 The flask remained free of growth for an extended period 6 Turn the flask to allow the particles fall down the bends Demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms Showed that if dust was absent, nutrient broths remained sterile, even if exposed to air Provided evidence for the existance of exceptionally heat-resistant forms of bacteria Endospores or Spores: a heat resistant form of bacteria that cannot be killed by boiling Tyndall developed a sterilization technique that could kill spores Divide bacteria into 4 main group Study of unicellular algae and bacteria, discovered that some bacteria form endospores. Describe the lifecycle of the endospore-formaing baterium Bacilus and showed that only vegetative cells will be kill by boiling but endospores does not. Devised highly effective method for preventing and contamination of culture media, such as use cotton for closing flask and tubes. Discovered the heat resistant bacteria recognized by Tyndall were species capable of producing bacterial spores Developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering the wounds Spray phenol in the instruments and over the wounds use a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infection after looking at Pasteur's work showing microbes are in the air disinfectant= 1821-1902 Rudolf Virchow Presented Biogenesis: "living cells can arise only from preexisting cells" Edward jenner Joseph Lister Hence, Now there were 2 hypothesis:
- living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called Spontaneous generation. According to it, a "vital force forms life" 2)Living organisms arise from preexisting life = Biogenesis 1796- 1857-1914 Louis Pasteur. Age of Microbio)^ (Golden 1820- ← John Tyndall 1828-1898 Ferdinand Cohn 1860
ri
is
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Bacteria Prokaryote^ Archaea (Extremophiles) Eukaryotic Cells Fungi EukaryoteProtozoa Algae Virus Similarity chemically similar where both cell contain proteins, lipids, nucleic acid and carbohydrates unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms Archaeabacteria are obligate( 专) anaerobes and survive ONLY in oxygen-free environment (^) Class Endomembrane system^ Mycology: Mycoses: Mycotoxicology:^ :Study of fungi :Diseases caused by fungi :Study of funfal toxins and their effects subkingdom of the kingdom protista Simple eukaryotic photosynthetic autotrophs Virus is an obligate intracellular parasite containing genetic material surrounded by protein Differences structure of the cell wall and membrane in specialized organelles Can be classified according to Morphology, arrangement & staining reactionMultiply by Binary Fission Similarity Archaea and bacteria share common cell organization Energy related organelles Heterotropth depend on other organisms for food unicellular organism Unicellular or multicellular. Kingdom Protista small in size 20-1000 nanometer Differences Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Example Some archaea lack of cell wall but have aArchaea such as Thermoplasma sp. Do not contain cell wall^ Glycocalyx^ lying outside the cell membrane^ Structure^ major storage carbohydrate^ glycogen^ size^ 2-100 micrometer^ Phycology or algology = study of algae^ contain 1 kind of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) as their genome External structures Cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane lack of chlorophyll Not photosynthesis but saprophytes/ parasites cytoplasm ectoplasm: locomotion, ingestion ( 摄取) Thallophytes (resember plant lacking root, stems, and leaves). They only seen by electro microscope Do not have membrane bound nucleus have membrane bound nucleus Filamentous bacteria Streptomyces Antibiotic producers Archaea cell consist of a thick cytoplasm plasma membrane saprophytes or parasites possessing relatively rigid cell walls endoplasm: metabolism absorb nutrients from the water over entire surface Capsid or protein shell surround the nucleic acid made up most of the virus particle Do not have membrane bound organelles have membrane bound organelles True bacteria Cocci Gram positive: Streptococcus sp. Archaea cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan. glycocalyces cell wall consist of chitin Macronucleus control basic process such as metabolism Holdfast( "root of algae") anchors( ) organism to firm substrate抛锚 Replication^ Viruses replicate within a host cell while host cell's nucleic acid utilizing the^ Direct the synthesis of structures to transfer viral nucleic acid to other cells Simple structural complex structural Gram negative: sp. Neisseria The rigid cell wall support the cell and allow to maintain the shape Flagella Membrane contain ergosterol rather then cholesterol. Micronucleus control reproduction Stipes hold blades^ are the major photosynthetic portion of algae^ The viral capsid is composed of repeated protein subunits^ a structure that maximizes^ the structural capacity while minimizing the number of genes needed for construction. composed of bacteria and archea^ composed of algae, protozoa, fungi, animal, and plant Bacilli^ Gram positive:^ Bacillus sp.^ Archaeabacteria have lipid in their membrane^ Cilia^ filaments called hyphae^ to increase surface area for facilitate absorption of nutrient Pseudopodia^ ~locomotion of most of the ameoba. ~feeding of amoebas through phagocytosis Gas containing bladders^ maintain blades in proper position for maximum sunlight There are 4 types viral morphology^ non enveloped icosahedral, non enveloped helical, enveloped icosahedral and helical, and complex some bacteria have small circular DNA plasmid Plasmid are absent Gram negative: Brucella sp. size 0.1 micrometer to more then 15 micrometer. Some have flagella Intracellular structures ~Plant cell wall consist of^ Nucleus^ vegetative mycelium^ mycelial portion remaining inside the substrate to obtain^ nutrion^ Do not have cell wall^ possess flexible layer, a^ pellicle^ inorganic material outside^ the cell membrane^ or rigid shell of^ Cell structures^ have membrane bound^ organell^ lcosahedral capsids^ hexons cellulose. ~Fungi cell wall consist of chitin ~Animal cell do not have cellwall^ If cell wall present , it^ consist of peptidoglycan^ Spirochetes^ slender flexuous spiral (^ 曲折螺旋^ ) bacteria^ 苗条Borrelia sp.^ Endoplasmic reticulum^ Reproductive mycelium^ mycelial portion extends into air for spore reproduction^ reproduce primary by^ asexual^ Some groups sexual mode^ also occurs^ Cell wall rigid structure made most of cellulose, some have silicon dioxide incorporated in cell wall^ pentons Mycoplasma Smallest bacteria that lack of rigid cell wall Golgi apparatus^ Most Fungi are^ some are yeast never reproduce by^ Unicellular^ Multicellular, such asseeds^ Secrete digestive enzymes extracellularly to partially break organic material before absorbing the food to complete the digestion internally Heterotrophic mode of nutrition^ free-living forms^ particular parasitic forms nutrients from body fluids of their host ; derive^ ; ingest Reproduction All asexually, some can also reproduce sexually Filamentous (helical) capsids uniform width, generating a flexible filamentous virion.^ The nucleic acid is coiled in a spiral on the inside of the cylinder. Virion Prions Rickettsiae & Chlamydiae Intracellular parasites Lysosomes,peroxisomes, vacuole, and vesicles Beneficial fungi As a and water from soil. This role named^ decomposer^ , help roots of plant to absorb minerals mycorrhizae Enveloped viruses^ consist of a protein capsid^ and tegument proteins enclosed within phospholipid membrane derived from the host cell.^ The envelope includes virus- specific spike proteins. Contain of (genetic material) a capsid enclosing a nucleic acid genome Do not contain genetic material Structural Mitochondria Type of hyphae^ Virus nucleic acid can be single stranded (ss) or double stranded (ds). Contain nucleic acid and protein Contain protein only Cell membrane (Fluid =============^ =======================^ mosaic model) Function:
- transport 2) Biosynthesis (produce biological product) 3)energy transduction (transmittion of energy) Viroid infects only higher plants (Exception:^ Phospholipid bilayer^ Chloroplasts^ Coenocytic^ hyphae without septa, or present with pore through which^ cytoplasm can flow moving nutrient out the septate^ hyphae hepatitis D virus in humans is similar to viroid)^ It is an infectious protein particle integral proteins Microtubules Haustoria presence in parasitic fungi which penetrate the host tissues Viroid is formed of only small single stranded circular RNA^ Prions infects animals causing neurological degenerative diseases Peripheral protein Stolons Horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each others digestion but resistant to proteinase K and^ Viroids are inactivated by ribonuclease trypsin digestion^ Prions are inactivated by^ proteinase K and trypsin digestion but resistant to Viroid has a smaller size than viruses ribonuclease treatmentMostly, smaller than viroid Prokaryotic Cytoplasmic Membrane Function^ Glycoprotein^ (refer to notes) Rhizoids^ root like parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus It is an infectious RNA particle RNA or DNA is absent Glycocalyces ( are gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of the cell) Capsule organized repeating unit of organic chemical) (composed of^ ~^ being destroy Firmly attach to cell surfacePrevent^ recognized by host.^ bacteria from and~ ~insoluble in water Protect the cells from drying out ( osmotic barrier Slime layer polysaccharide fibers that extend from the bacteria (consist of surface)^ ~Sticky layer that^ prokaryote to^ surface ~Soluble in water^ attach to^ allow Bacterial appendage Flagella anchored in the plasma membrane and cell wall give (A basal body rise to a cylindrical protein filament) Endoflagella(axial filament)^ Locomotion (capable of 360^ degree rotation) {originate in the cell membrane and transverses the length of the cell in periplasmic space) Fimbriae proteinaceous appendage (Slender, hairlike,^ Locomotion on the surface of many bacteria. IMPORTANT in adhesion to host surface)^ adhere to bacteria or substance Pili proteinaceous appendage on the surface of many (Slender, hairlike, bacteria. IMPORTANT in adhesion to host surface)^ transfer of genetic meteria^ from one cell to another through conjugation Bacterial Inclusion Bodies (Store nutrients for later use) Poly-Beta-hydroxybutyric acid Glycogen store lipidstore starch Polyphosphate granules (metachromatic granules) Sulfur granules store phosphatestore sulfur Mesosomes ~invagination( plasma membrane to increase surface of P. 内陷) of membrane during binary fission ~site for attachment & distribution of genetic material during binary fission Gas vacuoles Ribosomes store metabolic gas such as methane or hydrogen which helps in buoyancysynthesis of protein Nucleoid material^ Usually balled up in the cell.^ During binary fission the^ nucleoid material unravels in order to be copied and distribute to the daughter cells Plasmid A small fragment of self- replicating extrachromosomal DNA that code for the resistance to antibodies or for the production of specific metabolite such as toxin. Endospore^ a survival mechanisms of^ genera of bacteria such as Bacillus sp. protect bateria chromosome Function: to gone
Characteristics Kingdom Crenarchaeota Archaea: Diversity Kingdom Euryarchaeota Kingdom Korarchaeota
Many are acidophiles + sulfur-dependent; there are extremely thermophilic^ Sulfer may be uses as anaerobic respiration or^ electron acceptor electron source^ inby
lithotrophs
organisms using^ *Lithotrophs^ are a diverse group of inorganic substrate to
biosynthesis or energy conservation via^ obtain reducing equivalents for use in
aerobic or anaerobic respiration.
Most member are predominantly methanogens , but there are 2 other phenotypes including Sulfur-metabolizing thermophiles and Extreme halophiles First korarchaeota genome: Korarchaeum cryptofilum^ Candidatus
Almost all are strict( 精密) anaerobes Methanogens^ Halobacteria (Extreme halophiles)^ Thermoplasms (Thermoacidic cocci)^ Thermococci isolated from an enrichment culture
Growth in; geothermally heated water or soil that contain element sulfur, or growth quite well above the boiling point of water(105C) inoculated with sediment from Pool, Yellowstone Obsidian
obtains hydrogen or electrons from* An^ organotroph^ is an organism that organic
substrates.
Make pathway with unique enzyme and cofactor, methane via a unique metabolic
some cofactor make the cell fluorescent
It require at least 2M NaCl or equivalent ionic strength to growth; live in bodies of
concentrated salt water, e,g, Dead Sea
Thermoacidophilic heterotrophs. Found in Hot, acidic water of sulfur springs. Can
handle near 80C and pH as low as 2
Sulfur-metabolizing Achaea. Included Thermococcus( neutral pH heterotroph &
thermophilic 75-90C at higher temp., about 100C ) & Pyrococcus( ). growth
organotrophic or lithotrophic^ Strict anaerobes that obtain energy by^ converting CO2, H2, formate, methanol acetate, and other compounds to either
methane or to methane and CO
They are aerobic chemoheterotrophs with respiratory metabolism; they require
complex nutrients
Their DNA is stabilized by its association with histone like proteins, which form particles
resembling eukaryotic nucleosomes^ 85C, pH6.
Sulfolobus Thermoproteus
They have membrane is no cell wall strengthened but the cell by large
quantities of lipopolysaccharides, and glycoproteins diglycerol tetraethers,^ All have cell wall^ organism appeared as filamentous cells^ Ultrathin long
Gram negative They require at least 1.5 M NaCl and have growth optimal at 3-4 M NaCl
Thermoplasma has an optimum temperature of 55-59° C and an optimal pH of 1 to 2
At 59° C Thermoplasma takes the form of an irregular filament, the cells may be
flagellated and motile
aeorbic (O2 normal act as electron acceptor, but ferric iron can also be used) strict anerobic (carry out with element sulfur as the electorn acceptor)^ There are at least three orders and 25^ genera, which rRNA sequence,^ differ greatly in shape cell wall chemistry and^ ,^ 16s
structure, features membrane lipids , and other
Consists of Halobacteriaceae nine genera in one family, the Order: Thermoplasmatales There are three orders, Thermococcales and Methanopyrales Archaeogobales,
irregularly lobed, spherical bacteria long, thin, bent or branched rods For Genus Picrophilus
cell wall contain lipoproteins and carbohydrates cell wall composed by glycoprotein^ Metabolism is unusual group contain several unique cofactors, some of which are associated with^ , members of this methane
production
has the plasma membrane no cell wall but has an S-layer outside
has membrane bounded large cytoplasmic cavities that are not
aerobic with an optimum of 60° C; it grows only and grows between 47C and 65C
below pH 3.5, has an optimum of pH 0.7 and will even grow at or near pH <
Thermococcales sulfur to sulfide , are motile by means of are strictly aerobic , reduce
flagella, and have optimum growth temperatures around 88-100°C
Archaeogobales coccoid cells with walls of glycoprotein are gram-negative, irregular
subunits and are , theyextremely thermophilic cannot use elemental sulfur (optimum
around 83° C); they are usually found near marine hydrothermal vents
Methanopyrales temperature of 98C and will grow at 110°C have an optimum ,
they have been isolated from a marine hydrothermal vent; evidence suggests that
they may be among the to have developed first living organisms
Sugar and amino acid serve as carbon & energy source^ They thrive( rich in organic matter, such as animal rumens (胃) anaerobic sludge(^ 繁荣) in anaerobic environments 污泥) digesters, and
even within anaerobic protozoa
They can cause spoilage of salted foods^ Frequently found in coal mine refuse(^ 圾 oxidize iron pyrite to sulfuric acid and), in which chemolithotrophic bacteria^ 煤矿垃
thereby produce a hot acidic environment
Thermoacidophiles -
Growth Lithotrophically spring oxidizing sulfur to sulfuric acid^ on sulfur granules in^ hot^ Lithotrophically spring contain elemental sulfur and other^ using H2 and SO in hot aquatic habitat^ hot that
- Organotrophically acid, alcohols, and organic acids^ by oxidize glucose, amino
Example Sulfolobus acidocaldarius Thermoproteus tenax
Bacteria Classification Identified using Physical Immunological/ Molecular characteristics Gram reaction Gram positive//Gram negative Cell shape Cocci//bacilli//spirals Endospore Presence---Shape----position Absence Atmospheric preference aerobic//anaerobic//faculatative anaerobic (^) *faculative anaerobic; grow in either aerobic or *Microaerophiles; prefer a reduce oxygen tension *Capnophiles; prefer CO2 to live anaerobic atmosphere *Fastidiousness( 挑剔); requirement for special media or intracellular to growth nutrient require;complex //not complex Key enzyme e.g.; urease helps identify Helicobacter e.g.; lack of lactose fermentation helps identify salmonellae Serological reaction Interaction of antibodies with surface structure DNA sequence e.g.; 16S ribosomal DNA sequence Classification (Morphology and arrangement of bateria) Cocci Round or oval bacteria measuring 0.5-1.0 micrometer in diameter Pairs; Diplococci---e.g. meningococci, gonococci Chains; Streptococci---e.g. Streptococcus pyogens Irregular group; Staphytococci---e.g. Staphylococcus aureus Rods (bacilli) Stick-like bacteria with rounded, square, or swollen ends. Measuring 1-10 micrometer in length, 0.3-1.0 micrometer in width Chains; e.g. Streptobacillus sp. Branching chain; e.g. Lactobacilli Mass together; e.g. Mycobacterium leprae Remain attach at various angles resembling Chinese letter; e.g. Corynebacterium diphtheria Vibrios (Curve) Small slightly curved rods measuring 3-4 micrometer in length, 0.5micrometer in width Most vibrios are motile( 能动) with single flagellum at one end e.g.; Vibrio cholerae Spirochetes Flexible, coiled, motile organism. Measuring 6- micrometer in length. Progress by rapid body movements Divided into 3 main group(genus); Treponemes, Borreliae, and Leptospires Classification (based on STAINING REACTION) 2 method ; Gram stain// acid- fast stain(not in syllabus) Procedure of Gram stain Classified as either Gram positive or negative based on their morphology and differential staining properties. Slides are sequentially stained with crystal viole t, iodine, then destained with alcohol and counter-stained with safranin. Gram positive bacteria stain blue-purple and Gram negative bacteria stain pink or red. The difference between the two groups is believed to be due to a much larger peptidoglycan (cell wall) in Gram positives. Some bacteria such as Mycobacteria (the cause of tuberculosis) are not reliably stained due to the large lipid content of the peptidoglycan. Gram-positive cocci Staphylococci(catalyse-positive); Streptococci(catalyse-negative); Streptococcus pyogensStaphylococcus aureus Gram-negative cocci Neisseria meningitidis (causes meningitis and septicaema) ( 脑膜炎和败血症) Gram-negative coccobacilli Bordetella,Zoonotic agent such as Brucella Gram-positive bacilli (sporing) Aerobic; Bacillus Anaerobic; Clostridium Pathogens; Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax( 炭疽病) Gram-positive bacilli (non- sporing) Listeria and corynebacteria Gram-negative bacilli Facultative family Enterobacteriaceae, form part of the normal flora of human and animal that can found in the environment Pathogenic genera; Proteus, Yersinia , Salmonella Spiral bacteria small gastrointestinal pathogen; the stomach lead to duodenal ulcer)^ Helicobacter^ (colonizes Rickettsia, Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma only Mycoplasma can be isolate on artificial media , others require isolate in Cell culture or diagnosis by molecular or serological techniques
Algae :Classification
Unicellular organization Colonial organization Filamentous organization Siphonaceous organization Parenchymatous organization
All algal group except the Charophyceae (green algae) , and Phaeophyceae (brown algae) Parenchyma: describe algae tissue that composed of relatively isodiametric cell generate by meristem^ undifferentiated, Rhizopodial type cytoplasmic projection ; lack of rigid cell wall, form Chrysophyceae ( Chrysamoeba )^ Flagellate colonies: aggregate to form simple colonies in some species of :^ Motile flagellate cells (plate-like colonies) ; Gonium green algae (clusters) ; Pseudocilia Unbranched filaments: number of algal groups; Found in only a small^ free-living attached at least initially aggregated into colonies^ (e.g.^ Ulothrix) (e.g.(e.g. O Nostocedogonium) )^ Xanthopyceae:^ containing a central vacuole and peripheral cytoplasm in which the chloroplasts and nuclei are located and anchored by branching^ Small unbranched vesicle rhizoid(假根) Siphonaceous Vaucheria (yellow-green algae) Cell division occuring in 3-dimentions, which give rise to 3-dimensional form Brown kelp macrocycstis Protococcoidal type ; simplest non-motile, lack organized nucleus and plastids^ Cyanobacteria Mucilage spheres in which the cells are arranged just below the surface and are interconnected by protoplasmic filaments^ Volvox Branching filaments : system found with basal attachment cells. a sample branched The branches of end in hairs with bulbous( 根) bases. 球^ Cladophora simple spherical cell with a nuclus and plastid containing characteristic pigment Chlorophyta ( Chlorella )^ Coenobia:^ predictable number and arrangement of cells that remain constant. May be either flagellated or nonmotile^ Colony of individual cells form Pediastrum have a complex branching system derived from apical( 根尖) cells. Chara Flagellate unicells ;Motile vegetative cells, moving by flagella Chlorophyceae vegatative cells, zoospores, and gametes ; All have 2 equal flagella^ Tetrasporal forms: found in which the cells are embedded in mucilage; Tetraspora is a large nonmotile^ Non-motile colonies are Dinophyceae running in different planes ; have 2 unequal flagella^ colony.^ known as tetrasporal thalli. Chyrsophyceae Euglenophyta ;????????? ( ; 1 or 2 flagella Phacus )
Protozoa : Classifications & Characteristic
Sarcodina (amoeba) Mastigophora (Flagellates) Ciliata (Ciliates) Sporozoa (Sporozoans)
Move by means of pseudopodia Move by long, whiplike flagellae Propelled (^ 推进的) by rows of cilia that beat with synchronized wavelike motion Lack specialized organelles of motility
Shape Pleomorphic ( 多形性) Shape Oval//Circle//Long Cyst formation Live in cell and tissue
Locomotion Pseudopodia (streaming of producing protoplasmic projection)^ ectoplasm, Locomotion Flagella Locomotion Cilia (short hair-like projection) Locomotion Do not have locomotion organell in their mature stage
Replication Binary fission Blood flagellates of this class Leishmania, Trypanosome Replication Binary fission Replication Sexual or asexual
Cyst formation Intestinal flagellates Giardia, Trichomonas intestinalis Human pathogen Balantidium coli Important genus Plasmodium sp., Toxoplasm sp., Isospora sp., Crytosporidium sp.
Pathogen parasite Entamoeba histolytica Vaginal flagellates T. vaginalis
Important example of protozoa
Trophozoite
Refer to the motile vegetative stage Arcella fresh water protozoan. It has blunt pseudopodia but also a shell
Multiplies via Binary fission Polystomella marine protozoan, has^ internal skeleton the pseudopodia which pick up and ingest food particles.^ and^ filamentous pseudopodia^. The cytoplasm can be seen streaming in
Colonize host Entamoeba coli lives harmlessly in the colon, feeding on bacteria
Cyst
Under adverse condition, protozoa produce protective capsule Entamoeba histolytica attacks the intestinal lining and causes a severe form of diarrhoea
Inactive, non-motile, infective stage ( 感染) Cryptosporidium occurs in water that has not been treated to make it fit for drinking. Causes a short-lived diarrhoeal disease^ cryptosporidiosis ;
helps to survive in extreme environment
Euglena nearly all of them possess characteristics which make them more like animals than plants.
Virus :Classification & Characteristics Classification based on Type of nucleic acid Shape of protein coat Type of host cell invade Genomic RNA strand of single- stranded RNA viruses Sense (Positive sense, plus sense) serve as mRNA Antisense(Negative sense, minus sense) complementary strand synthesized by viral RNA transcriptase serve as mRNA Host range Determined by (receptor) attachment sites Usually species specific DNA viruses RNA viruses DNA enveloped viruses DNA non-enveloped viruses RNA enveloped viruses RNA non-enveloped viruses Herpes virus Hepadnavirus Pox viruses Adenoviruses Papillomaviruses Parvoviruses Paramyxoviruses Coronaviruses Filoviruses Picornaviruses Caliciviruses Reoviruses
Nomenclature Topic Kingdoms Topic Adenoviruses DNA non-enveloped viruses Virus 3 Aeromonas hydrophila Microbial fuel cell- Energy/Environment (electrochemically active bacteria) Bacteria 1 Arcella Important example of protozoa-fresh water protozoan Protozoa^3 Archaeogobales Kingdom Euryarchaeota-Example of Thermococci^ Archaea 2 Aspergillus Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)-Carcinogenic aflatoxin in peanuts Fungi 3 Azotobacter Nitrogen fixing bacteria-Argriculture(Biological fertilizer) Bacteria 1 Bacillus anthracis Gram-positive bacilli (sporing)-pathogenic-causes anthrax Bacteria 3 Bacillus sp. Gram-positive bacilli (sporing)-aerobic Bacteria 3 Bacillus sp. True bacteria-Bacilli-Gram positive Bacteria 2 Bacillus sp. Phosphate solubilizers-Argriculture(Biological fertilizer) Bacteria 1 Bacillus thuringiensis Biocontrol agent-Argriculture(Biological control) Bacteria 1 Balantidium coli Ciliata (Ciliates)-Human pathogen Protozoa 3 Beauveria bassiana Biocontrol agent-Argriculture(Biological control) Fungi 1 Blastomyces Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)-Respiratory infections Fungi 3 Bordetella Gram-negative coccobacilli Bacteria 3 Borrelia sp. Spirochetes-Slender flexuous spiral bacteria Bacteria 2 Borreliae Spirochetes main group(genus) Bacteria 3 Brown kelp macrocycstis Parenchymatous organization Algae 3 Brucella sp. Gram-negative coccobacilli-Zoonotic agent Bacteria 3 Brucella sp. True bacteria-Bacilli-Gram negative Bacteria 2 Caliciviruses RNA non-enveloped viruses Virus 3 Candida albicans Deuteromycetes-Causes yeast infections of vagina in women Fungi 3 Candida sp. Skin-Health and illness Fungi (^1) Candida sp. Gastrointestinal trace & oral cavity -Health and illness Fungi (^1) Candida sp. Large intestine-Health and illness Fungi (^1) Candida sp. Genital tract-Health and illness Fungi (^1) Candidatus Korarchaeum cryptofilum Kingdom Korarchaeota-First korarchaeota genome^ Archaea 2 Chara Filamentous organization-Branching filaments Algae^3 Chlorella Unicellular organization-Protococcoidal type Algae^3 Chrysamoeba Unicellular organization-Rhizopodial type Algae^3 Cladophora Filamentous organization-Branching filaments Algae^3 Clostridium Gram-positive bacilli (sporing)-anaerobic Bacteria^3 Coronaviruses RNA enveloped viruses Virus^3 Corynebacterium diphtheria Rods (bacilli)-Remain attach at various angles resembling Chinese letter Bacteria 3 Cryptosporidium Important example of protozoa-attacks the intestinal lining and causes a severe form of diarrhoea Protozoa 3 Crytosporidium sp. Sporozoa (Sporozoans)-Important genus Protozoa 3 Demodix mite Skin-Health and illness Arthropods 1 Entamoeba coli Large intestine-Health and illness Protozoa 1 Entamoeba coli Important example of protozoa-feeding on bacteria Protozoa 3 Entamoeba gingivalis Gastrointestinal trace & oral cavity -Health and illness Protozoa 1 Entamoeba histolytica Sarcodina (amoeba)-Pathogen parasite Protozoa 3 Entamoeba histolytica Important example of protozoa-attacks the intestinal lining and causes a severe form of diarrhoea Protozoa 3 Filoviruses RNA enveloped viruses Virus 3 Giardia Mastigophora (Flagellates)-Intestinal flagellates Protozoa 3
Gonium Colonial organization-Flagellate colonies-plate-like colonies Algae 3 gonococci Cocci-Pairs; Diplococci Bacteria^3 Haemophilus Gastrointestinal trace & oral cavity -Health and illness Bacteria (^1) Halobacteriaceae Kingdom Euryarchaeota-Example of Halobacteria^ Archaea 2 Hepadnavirus DNA enveloped viruses Virus^3 Herpes virus DNA enveloped viruses Virus^3 Histoplasma capsulatum Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)-Respiratory & systemic infection Fungi 3 Isospora sp. Sporozoa (Sporozoans)-Important genus Protozoa 3 Lactobacillus Rods (bacilli)-Branching chain Bacteria 3 Lactobacillus Lactic acid producer-Food industry Bacteria 1 Lactobacillus Genital tract-Health and illness Bacteria 1 Lactobacillus Urinary tract-Health and illness Bacteria 1 Lactobacillus Large intestine-Health and illness Bacteria 1 Leishmania Mastigophora (Flagellates)-Blood flagellates of this class Protozoa 3 Leptospires Spirochetes main group(genus) Bacteria 3 meningococci Cocci-Pairs; Diplococci Bacteria 3 Methanopyrales Kingdom Euryarchaeota-Example of Thermococci Archaea 2 Micrococcus Skin-Health and illness Bacteria 1 Mycobacterium leprae Rods (bacilli)-Mass together Bacteria 3 Neisseria meningitidis Gram-negative cocci-causes meningitis and septicaema Bacteria 3 Neisseria sp. True bacteria-Cocci-Gram negative Bacteria 2 Nosema locustae Biocontrol agent-Argriculture(Biological control) Protozoa 1 Nostoc Filamentous organization-Unbranched filaments- aggregated into colonies Algae 3 Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses(NPV) Biocontrol agent-Argriculture(Biological control) Virus 1 Oedogonium Filamentous organization-Unbranched filaments- attached at least initially Algae 3 Papillomaviruses DNA non-enveloped viruses Virus^3 Paramyxoviruses RNA enveloped viruses Virus^3 Parvoviruses DNA non-enveloped viruses Virus^3 Pediastrum Colonial organization-Coenobia Algae^3 Penicillium notatum Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)-Produce penicillin Fungi^3 Penicillum roquefortii Roquefort cheese-Food industry(Cheese production) Bacteria (^1) Phacus Unicellular organization-Flagellate unicells- Euglenophyta Algae 3 Picornaviruses RNA non-enveloped viruses Virus 3 Plasmodium sp. Sporozoa (Sporozoans)-Important genus Protozoa 3 Pneumocystis carinii Deuteromycetes-Causes pneumonia in AIDS patients Fungi 3 Polystomella Important example of protozoa-marine protozoan Protozoa 3 Pox viruses DNA enveloped viruses Virus 3 Propionibacterium shermanii Swiss cheese-Food industry(Cheese production) Bacteria 1 Proteus Gram-negative bacilli-Pathogenic genera Bacteria 3 Pseudocilia Colonial organization-Flagellate colonies-green algae (clusters) Algae 3 Reoviruses RNA non-enveloped viruses Virus 3 Rhizopus nigricans Zygomycota (Conjugation Fungi)-Sexual Reproduction- Common black bread mold Fungi 3 Saccharomyces Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)-Brewer's yeast Fungi 3 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Wine fermentation-Food industry Bacteria 1 Salmonella Gram-negative bacilli-Pathogenic genera Bacteria 3
