Microprocessors, Microcontrollers & Digital Signal Processors, Study notes of Microprocessors

Download Microprocessors, Microcontrollers & Digital Signal Processors and more Study notes Microprocessors in PDF only on Docsity!

Microprocessors, Microcontrollers

& Digital Signal Processors

ECE 153B

Sensor & Peripheral Interface Design

Winter 2016

Winter 2016 ECE 153B - Sensor & Peripheral Interface Design - μProcessors, μControllers &

Intel 4004/

 4004 introduced in 1971

 First microprocessor

 All CPU components on a single chip

 2,300 transistors @ 10μm; 108 KHz clock

 Four bit data path

 Particularly suitable for BCD arithmetic (i.e., calculators)

 Too narrow for general purpose processing

 8008 introduced in April 1972

 Eight bit version of 4004

 3,500 transistors @ 10μm; 800 KHz clock

 Architecture based on Datapoint 2200 processor

 Both 4004 and 8008 were dedicated (vs. general purpose)

processors

Winter 2016 ECE 153B - Sensor & Peripheral Interface Design - μProcessors, μControllers &

Motorola 6800

 Introduced in August 1974

 4,100 transistors @ 6μm; 1 MHz clock

 Architecture influenced by DEC PDP- 11

 Relatively symmetric instruction set

 Programmer’s model much “cleaner” than 8080

 Compilers generally not available at this point for

microprocessors

 No I/O instructions (unlike 8080)

 Utilized memory mapped I/O

 Very popular processor in computer peripherals

and test equipment

Winter 2016 ECE 153B - Sensor & Peripheral Interface Design - μProcessors, μControllers &

Rockwell/MOS Technology 6502

 Introduced in November 1974

 Architecture similar to Motorola 6800

 3,510 transistors @ 8μm; 1 MHz clock

 Inexpensive and functionally as powerful as Intel

8080 and Motorola 6800

 Roughly one sixth the cost

 Used in the Apple I & II, IIe and IIc

 Also Atari game console/computer and Commodore

PET/64 computer

Winter 2016 ECE 153B - Sensor & Peripheral Interface Design - μProcessors, μControllers &

Zilog Z

 Hugely successful microprocessor for both general purpose

and control applications

 Dual register files allowed for efficient handling of interrupts

for control applications

 The Z80 and the 6502 dominated the early years of the

home/personal computer industry

 Z80 used most notably in the Osborne I (the first portable PC)

and the Radio Shack TRS

 The “Osborne Effect”

 The Osborne Effect states that prematurely discussing future,

unavailable products damages sales of existing products

 The “Trash 80”

 Total lack of respect for all things Radio Shack

Winter 2016 ECE 153B - Sensor & Peripheral Interface Design - μProcessors, μControllers &

Intel 8085

 8085 was a hardware extension of 8080

 Introduced in 1977

 6,500 transistors @ 3 μm; 5 MHz clock

 5V only operation

 Integrated clock generator

 Only external crystal required

 Long product life as a controller

Winter 2016 ECE 153B - Sensor & Peripheral Interface Design - μProcessors, μControllers &

Motorola 68000

 16/32 bit processor introduced in September 1979

 16 bit external interface

 32 bit macroinstructions and register file

 Forward compatible with “true” 32 bit processors

 But not backward compatible with 6800

 40,000 transistors @ 3.5 μm; 1 MHz clock (original version)

 Viable architecture for nearly 30 years

 Used in Apple Lisa & Macintosh (among others)

 Dominant processor in UNIX based workstation market

(Sun & Apollo)

Winter 2016 ECE 153B - Sensor & Peripheral Interface Design - μProcessors, μControllers &

Microcontrollers

 All of the processors discussed so far were designed for

general purpose (computer) applications

 All fit the definition of a “microprocessor”

 CPU on a single chip

 For a microprocessor to be used in control applications,

additional components are required (beyond memory)

 Parallel ports

 UARTs

 Timers

 Memory controllers (DRAM, DMA, etc.)

 LCD controllers

 CRT controllers

 etc., etc., etc…

Winter 2016 ECE 153B - Sensor & Peripheral Interface Design - μProcessors, μControllers &

Microcontrollers

 Microcontrollers are most often used in

embedded systems

 Embedded systems are special purpose applications

 Appliances, automotive applications, implantable medical

devices, musical instruments, robotics, toys, etc.

 All under the heading of “Computers as Components”

 Terms embedded processor and microcontroller often

used interchangeably

 Critical issues are power, speed, package, and cost

 Not necessarily in that order

Winter 2016 ECE 153B - Sensor & Peripheral Interface Design - μProcessors, μControllers &

The First Microcontrollers

 Texas Instruments TMS 1000

 Introduced (commercially) in 1974

 Included CPU, ROM, RAM and clock on a single chip

 In reality, it was a calculator chip and not a general

purpose microcontroller

 Intel 8048

 Introduced in 1977

 Included CPU, ROM and RAM

 In reality, it was a PC keyboard controller and not a

general purpose microcontroller

Winter 2016 ECE 153B - Sensor & Peripheral Interface Design - μProcessors, μControllers &

Early 8 bit Microcontrollers

 Intel 8051

 Introduced in 1981

 Implementations exist today as stand alone chips from

multiple sources as well as cores (intellectual property)

 Dual 16 bit address bus

 It can access 2 x 2^16 memory locations – 64 KB each of

RAM and ROM

 128 bytes of on chip RAM

 4 KB of on chip ROM

 Four 8 bit bidirectional input/output ports

 UART (serial port)

 Two 16 bit counter/timers

Winter 2016 ECE 153B - Sensor & Peripheral Interface Design - μProcessors, μControllers &

Early 8 bit Microcontrollers

 Microchip Technology PIC 16X

 Originally developed as “Peripheral Interface Controller” for

General Instruments CP1600 microprocessor in 1975

 General Instruments spun off its microelectronics division in

1985 and PIC became the flagship architecture and a

registered trademark of Microchip Technology

 Today there are literally thousands of PIC based

microcontrollers

 Range from 6 pins to 100’s of pins

 Any discussion of a microcontroller based (embedded system)

design will include a Microchip Technology PIC at some point

Winter 2016 ECE 153B - Sensor & Peripheral Interface Design - μProcessors, μControllers &

Digital Signal Processors

 Architecture optimized for signal processing

applications

 Large number of mathematical operations on a series of

data samples

 Hardware implementation of Multiply/Accumulate

function

 Critical for FFT type applications

Winter 2016 ECE 153B - Sensor & Peripheral Interface Design - μProcessors, μControllers &

The First DSP

 The Texas Instruments

TMS 5100

 Introduced in 1978 as the

Digital Signal Processor

embedded in the

TI “Speak and Spell”

 Also first to utilize Linear

Predictive Coding (LPC) in

speech synthesis

 Not general purpose, but

got the DSP ball rolling