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What is Eidos and what role did it have in
preventing evolutionary thinking?
eidos was the essentialist belief that all species have a perfect essence variation was seen as a failure of essence It prevented evolutionary thinking because variation in species was not seen as possibly evolution but rather a failure of achieving essence TERM 2
Hutton
DEFINITION 2 uniformitarianism - the belief that changes in the earths geology have resulted from continuous and uniform processes TERM 3
Charles Lyell
DEFINITION 3 principles of geology and gradual geological change TERM 4
Malthus
DEFINITION 4 looked at principle population as population grew RESOURCES BECAME LIMITED studied demography and economics TERM 5
Smith
DEFINITION 5 important illustration in social science concerning free market (system of limited resources where advantage leads to flourishing) and COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: the idea of edge and advantage goes on to formulate natural selection
Linneaus
father of modern TAXONOMY: gave species and genus ( a binomial system) using greek and latin roots TERM 7
Lamark
DEFINITION 7 develope theory that CHANGE ACQUIRED IN THEIR LIFETIME TERM 8
Sacla naturae
DEFINITION 8 The great chain of being! essentialism lef to the great chain species and higher forms FIXED RINGS ON LADDER TERM 9
What is the role that fossils geology and
biogeography played in Darwins beagle
voyage
DEFINITION 9 fossils record transitional forms ( change not acquired in lifetime like Lamark said but rather over time) Biogeography- the slight differences in finches geology- He noticed that different effects that geology had on plant and animal species of the are TERM 10
what are the two components of natural
selection?
DEFINITION 10 struggle for existence survival of the fittest
biogeographical explanation for common
ancestry
ISLAND BIOGEOGRPAHY provided the major stimuli for development of theory of evolution. Recall Darwin's experiences with tortoises and finches on Galapagos shared many homologous traits TERM 17
Anatomical Homologous trait
DEFINITION 17 bones of forearm in mammals TERM 18
Embryological homologous trait
DEFINITION 18 gill pouch and tail found in mammals TERM 19
Molecular homologous trait
DEFINITION 19 Hox genese responsible for development in different parts of the body certain parts of Hox gene TERM 20
What is verticle evolution. List two specific
examples
DEFINITION 20 verticle evolution is the change through time ORTHOLOGS: Orthologs are genes in different species that have evolved from a common ancestral PARALOG: gene copies within the same species both homologs
horizontal evolution
involves gene transfer between species most common in bacteria endosymbiotic theory TERM 22
What is the relationship between genotype
pheotype and the environment
DEFINITION 22 environment acts of phenotype (what you see as a result of genes) which then in turn acts on genome TERM 23
What is a locus and does a specific gene have
more than one?
DEFINITION 23 physical location of a specific gene (region on DNA that encodes for polypeptide) on a chromosome it is no longer a specific gene if it can be found in multiple locations. TERM 24
what is an Allele and why is the statement: a
specific gene may have only on allele false?
DEFINITION 24 VERSION OF A SPECIFIC GENE because an allele is just a version of a specific gene genes have various allele frequencies which is represented by the HW equation TERM 25
What is the microevolutionary process
DEFINITION 25 suddle shift in allele population
The genetic diversity is define as the # and
frequency of ___
Alleles in a population lack of genetic diversity usually decreases ability of a population to respond to environmental change TERM 32
Natural selection occurs when ____ has higher
____. Also when ____ associate with ____
increase in frequency
DEFINITION 32 phenotype has higher fitness also when alleles associated with phenotype increase in frequency TERM 33
What are four types of effects on genetic
diversity.
DEFINITION 33 DIRECTIONAL SELECTION- STABILIZING SELECTION DISRUPTIVE SELECTION SEXUAL SELECTION TERM 34
Directional selection what is it and what does
graph look like
DEFINITION 34 this is selection in any particular direction allele frequencies are changing in this direction tends to reduce genetic diversity GRAPH IS HILL BEING PUSHED ONE WAY example: cold causes only big birds to survive TERM 35
Stabilizing selection what is it and what does
the graph look like
DEFINITION 35 when alleles associated with mean trait are favored no change in average trait value edos this can distinguish populations SPREAD HILL ON GRAPH NARROWS
Disruptive selection
Two alleles have high fittness of each extreme average decreases HILL GETS PULLED IN TWO DIRECTIONS AND NOW YOU HAVE TWO HILLS AND A VALLEY TERM 37
Sexual selection who does it act more
strongly on?
DEFINITION 37 results when individuals in a population differ in their ability to attract mates acts more strongly on MALES TERM 38
A brightly colored male songbird plumage
would be (female choice or male-male
competition)
DEFINITION 38 female TERM 39
Antlersin male deer (male male or female
choice?)
DEFINITION 39 male male TERM 40
large size in male gorillas (male male or
female choice?)
DEFINITION 40 male male
biological species ( adv and
disadv)
REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED members of a species can interbreed and produce viable offspring advantages- STRONG THEORETICAL FOUNDATION disadvantage- CAN'T APPLY TO FOSSILS AND ASEXUAL ORGANISMS TERM 47
Morphological species (adv and disavd)
DEFINITION 47 BASED ON DIFFERENCES IN MORPHOLOGY AVD: WIDELY APLICABLE TO FOSSILS AND SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL ORGANISMS Disadvantages : CRITERIA SUBJECTIVE as well as INTRA SPECIES morphological variation (often greater than INTER SPECIES) TERM 48
phlogenetic species
DEFINITION 48 BASED ON ANCESTRAL ANALYSIS (PHYLOGENY) each tip on the tree is a seperate species and SMALLEST IDENTIFIABLE GROUP IS ASSIGNED SPECIES STATUS advantages: WIDELY APPLICABLE and strong THEORETICAL FOUNDATION disadvantages : We only have good phylogenies for vertebrates TERM 49
Ecological species
DEFINITION 49 based on environmental context EACH SPECIES OCCUPIES A DIFFERENT NICHE Advantage: avoids problems with morphological disadvantage : difficult to characterize TERM 50
List all four different types of concepts of
species
DEFINITION 50 biological morphological phylogenetic and ecological
What changes allele frequency (four things)
Natural selection sexual selection balancing polymorphs genetic drift TERM 52
Balancing polymorphism
DEFINITION 52 HETEROZYGOUS ADVANTAGE - when fittest is a combination of alleles For example sickle cell anemia Aa as a reccesive little a can help protect against malria without full blown sickle cell symptoms NEGATIVE FREQUENCY SELECTION : This occurs when the less frequent allele is considered advantageous or more fit and then because of this increases in fitness. prey switching TERM 53
Genetic drift
DEFINITION 53 effect is large in small populations due to random sampling TERM 54
two types of genetic drift and the difference
between them
DEFINITION 54 bottle necking disasters cause only a very small amount of the population to survive and this can result in a loss of genetic variation founders effect is when a small amount of the poputlation branches off resulting in a non random sample of genese in gene pool TERM 55
gene flow
DEFINITION 55 the transfer of alleles from one population to another example mixed race mostly has to do with mobility
Allopatric speciation and 2 basic types (clad)
allo- other patric=country this occurs between geographicall isolated GENE FLOW CEASES DISPERSAL COLONIZATION : small # of individuals disperse, founder effect the environment is different, often occurs in islands MORE LIKELY TO UNDERGO GENETIC DRIFT think of evo radiation on hawaiian islands. VICARIANCE: original habitat is broken up by emerging geographical areas ( founders effect less likely) TERM 62
Sympatric speciation (clad)
DEFINITION 62 Sympatric Speciation is the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region. TERM 63
autopolyploid
DEFINITION 63 results in individuals that can self fertizlize or reproduce with other similar TERM 64
allopolyploid
DEFINITION 64 polyploidy hybrid from two different speciels that allows for self fertilization wheat is a combiantion of 3 species TERM 65
Hybrids form when
DEFINITION 65 isolated populations recconnect and there is not too much of a genetic divergence
what is
reinforcement
when natural selection increases reproductive isolation hybrid usually does not fit completely in the niche of one species or the other because of different environmental pressures that led to their isolation in the first place TERM 67
hybrid zone
DEFINITION 67 this occurs when hybrid fitness is lower than either parent species reinforcement ( selection favors each populations separate traits) this is an example of macro evolution TERM 68
Punctuated equilibrium vs gradualism
DEFINITION 68 GRADUALISM: over time gradually changing into another species genetic change accumulates over time and leads to changing phenotype Punctuated equilibrium - change occurs in short bursts no gradual transition, long periods of little change , predict that new species will occur rapidly TERM 69
what type of evidence supports punctuated
equilibrium and what type supports
gradualism?
DEFINITION 69 fossils support punctuated molecular support gradual definitely a combo of both TERM 70
EVO DEVO BIO
DEFINITION 70 a field of biology that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to determine the ancestral relationship between them, and to discover how developmental processes evolved interdisciplinary approach using: paleo anatomy develop bio molec bio attempt to explain rapid development
what doe pax 6 and the eyeless gene tell us
about orthologs
the fact that we can use the pax 6 mouse gene for eyes as a switch for eye growth in flies means that the two are orthologs of each other which means they share common ancestry TERM 77
This is the evolutionary history for a group of
organisms
DEFINITION 77 phylogeny they typically depicted as a tree TERM 78
3 components of a phylogeny
DEFINITION 78 branches: population through time nodes: forks where ancestors spli tips: extinct or extant TERM 79
polytomy
DEFINITION 79 when more than two groups emerge from a node TERM 80
group that occupies adjacent branches
marked by another node is
DEFINITION 80 sister taxonomy
the trees roots are the
most ancient ancestor out group a taxon that diverged prior to most ancient node TERM 82
what is the diference between polyphyletic
paraphyletic and monophyletic
DEFINITION 82 a monophyletic taxon is defined as one that includes the most recent common ancestor of a group of organisms, and all of its descendents [as in (a)]. Such groups are sometimes called holophyletic. It is also possible to recognize a paraphyletic taxon as one that includes the most recent common ancestor, but not all of its descendents [as in (b)]. A polyphyletic taxon is defined as one that does not include the common ancestor of all members of the taxon [as in (c)]. TERM 83
What form would an adaptive radiation take
on phylogentic tree
DEFINITION 83 polytomy TERM 84
3 potential causes and effects for
phylogenetic groups
DEFINITION 84 COLONIZATION- habitat unoccupied by competators is colonized by species colonized species radiates can also occur as a result of mass extinction mammals after dinasours because no more competition MORPHOLOGICAL INNOVATION
- new possibilities like flower with insects or feathers for insulation EXTINCTION- dinasoaurs TERM 85
What is used to create
phylogenies
DEFINITION 85 molecular clock anatomy and the fossil record radio isotopes can date them
synapomorphy
shared derived trait tetrapod for lizards and rabbits TERM 92
ingroup
DEFINITION 92 clade shares synapomorphy TERM 93
outgroup
DEFINITION 93 closest ancestor of in group but lacks synapormorphy TERM 94
Maximum parsimony
DEFINITION 94 preferred phylogentic tree is the simplist or least evolutionary change NOT ALWAYS THE CASE must expand characters to be broad as possible best when several independent characters are used TERM 95
What are two problems that can come up in
cladograms
DEFINITION 95 convergent evolution and reverse mutation, goo from one to the other and then back
What is phylogentic inference
using phylogenies to understand evolutionary history and processes examples using morphological and molecular data to estimate phylogenies TERM 97
what is interesting about the phlox plant
phylogeny
DEFINITION 97 three species of selfing plants that are capable of self reproduction are they monophyletic? maximum parsimony says yes because it would be simplest to say that they each got the ability to self from a commone ancestor rather than developing it independantly however molecular data states otherwise TERM 98
*How is it possible for two organisms to have
the same number and type of hox genes with
differnt body types
DEFINITION 98 Hox genes can turn on and off by regulatory genes Each organisms genes have a different set plan for these switch genes at different stages of life TERM 99
* List the major Eons of earths history and
milestones for each *
DEFINITION 99 HADEAN-formation of earth, primordial soup, and protobionts. ARCHAEN- started the moment first cell was created, led to radiation of prokaryotes PROTEROZOIC - first eukaroytes, they formed as a result of horizontal evolution (endosymbiotic theory) PHANEROZOIC- radiation and diversification of multicellular organisms TERM 100
What three eons make up the
Precambrian
DEFINITION 100 Hadean Archane Proterozoic
