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Kosslyn's size experiments (finding +
conclusion)
Findings: The amount of time it takes you to respond about a detail of an imagined picture depends on the size of that imageConclusion: Youre examining a visually based representation TERM 2
Sheppard's mental rotation (finding +
conclusion)
DEFINITION 2 Finding: a linear relationship between the angle of offset between two items and their comparison time Conclusion: One object is "mentally rotated" until it lines up with the other. TERM 3
Kosslyn's map experiments (finding +
conclusion)
DEFINITION 3 Finding: a linear relationship between time and distance for scanning a mental imageConclusion: mental images have similar properties to real images TERM 4
Alternative view: Propositional codes -
Pylyshyn
DEFINITION 4 takes longer based on the number of nodes This not a visual representation TERM 5
Additional complaint against kosslyn's
experiment
DEFINITION 5 demand characteristic know how they should respond (tacit knowledge) know they should respond slower for distant location because it takes longer to travel longer distances
Finke's visual field/acuity
exp
goal is to get rid of demand characteristics Method: measure visual acuity for actual or imagined grating at different eccentricities TERM 7
Finke's visual field/acuity exp
(conclusion)
DEFINITION 7 Conclusion: imagery has similar acuity properties to actual vision asked people to guess what would happen, and people did not know what the result intuitively TERM 8
Imagery is like vision:
DEFINITION 8 Perky (1910)imagine a bunch of bananas and describe it actually shows a dim picture of bananas description matches picture subjects dont realize that there is picture! Activation caused by imagery is so similar to activation caused by seeing that you dont notice the difference TERM 9
How are imagery and perception interact:
Psychological evidence
DEFINITION 9 same neurons fire for both perception and imagery TERM 10
Neuroimaging - fMRI
DEFINITION 10 Activity in occipital lobe/visual cortex for both perception and imagery Perception activity is stronger than imagery
Types of Memory
Sensory Short-term Working TERM 17
Interference
DEFINITION 17 -Forgetting due to retrieval problems -Two types: Proactive interference Retroactive interference TERM 18
Proactive interference
DEFINITION 18 old items interfere with retrieval of new items TERM 19
Retroactive interference
DEFINITION 19 newly stored items interfere with retrieval of old itemsex: knowing a new number and then forgetting the old one TERM 20
Is forgetting in STM due to decay or
interference?
DEFINITION 20 Forgetting is due to both decay and interference
Working Memory (characteristic)
Rehearsal TERM 22
Short-term vs Working
DEFINITION 22 short term memory refers to the maintenance of information in memory working memory refers to the manipulation of that information TERM 23
Rehearsal
DEFINITION 23 process initiated by Central Executive It is a strategy Refreshing information through inner speech or replay of visual info Verbal rehearsal relies on same processors as speech production TERM 24
Word length effect
DEFINITION 24 longer words take more time to rehearsal and to say TERM 25
Articulatory Suppression
DEFINITION 25 diminishes ability to rehearse because you are using motor areas for overt speech rather than rehearsal
Sensory Memory
Holds perceptual input Very short duration Iconic memory Echoic memory Capacity - seems large
- lost due to decay with time Encoding same form as stimuli TERM 32
Sensory memory: Iconic memory
DEFINITION 32 visual < 1 sec TERM 33
Sensory memory: Echoic memory
DEFINITION 33 hearing < 10 seconds TERM 34
Long Term Memory
DEFINITION 34 "archive" of information about past events and knowledge learned works closely with working memory Capacity = Huge Duration = Long TERM 35
Declarative
DEFINITION 35 explicit facts and events Based on knowledge
Non
declarative
implicit Based off performance such as: Skills and habits Priming Simple and classical conditioing TERM 37
Partial Report Techniques
DEFINITION 37 As soon as the stimulus is turned off a tone sounds A high tone - recall top row A mid tone - recall middle row A low tone - recall low row TERM 38
Whole Report Task
DEFINITION 38 Just recall three letters TERM 39
Modal model of memory
DEFINITION 39 Sensory memory is lost due to decay Short term memory obtained by attention TERM 40
Baddeley Working memory model
DEFINITION 40 Phonological loop Visuospatial sketchpad central executive
Acquisition
-Better acquisition for deeper level of processing -Elaboration provides more connections-WORDS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES RECALLED MORE FREQUENTLY TERM 47
Acquisition
examples
DEFINITION 47 integrated visual images self reference effect organizing material TERM 48
Retrieval
DEFINITION 48 -More connections also lead to more retrieval pathways- Having cues at the time of retrieval that are similar to time of encoding helps TERM 49
Mnemonic strategies
DEFINITION 49 Organized rhyme Acrostics and sentences Method of Loci TERM 50
Elaborate rehearsal
DEFINITION 50 item is associated with other information and further processed important: pay attention to meaning
Improving memory
Spacing Self generation effect Testing effect SLEEP TERM 52
Sleep and learning
DEFINITION 52 Sleep stabilizes learning sleep recovers or restores memories that appeared to have been lost over the course of a waking day TERM 53
Consolidation
DEFINITION 53 Transform information from a fragile state to a more permanent state Retrieval depends on hippocampus during consolidation; after consolidation hippocampus is no longer needed TERM 54
Primacy
DEFINITION 54 Memory better for stimuli presented at beginning More time to rehearsal, more likely to enter LTM TERM 55
Recency
DEFINITION 55 Memory better for stimuli presented at the endStimuli still in STM
