Understanding the Basics of Internet, Convergence, and Web Design - Prof. William B. Colli | Study notes Communication

Terminology

Internet: global collection of networks, both big and small. The Internet is a gigantic collection of

millions of computers, all linked together on a computer network. The network allows all of the

computers to communicate with one another. A home computer may be linked to the Internet using a

phone-line modem, DSL or cable modem that talks to an Internet service provider (ISP). A computer in a

business or university will usually have a network interface card (NIC) that directly connects it to a local

area network (LAN) inside the business. The business can then connect its LAN to an ISP using a high-

speed phone line like a T1 line. A T1 line can handle approximately 1.5 million bits per second, while a

normal phone line using a modem can typically handle 30,000 to 50,000 bits per second.

ISPs then connect to larger ISPs, and the largest ISPs maintain fiber-optic "backbones" for an entire

nation or region. Backbones around the world are connected through fiber-optic lines, undersea cables

or satellite links (see An Atlas of Cyberspaces for some interesting backbone maps). In this way, every

computer on the Internet is connected to every other computer on the Internet.

World Wide Web: an internet-based hypermedia initiative for global information sharing

Protocol: sets of rules/standards to facilitate system interaction

Convergence

Metadata

URL: http://www.lib.purdue.edu/libraries/index.html. anatomy: protocol/server/folder/file.

HTML: a “markup” language. Standards-based. Evolving. stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. A

"markup language" is a computer language that describes how a page should be formatted. If all you

want to do is display a long string of black and white text with no formatting, then you don't need HTML.

But if you want to change fonts, add colors, create headlines and embed graphics in your page, HTML is

the language you use to do it.

HTTP: method for moving information

Golden Mean/Rule of Thirds

Web Image Formats

Design Principles

Content: relevant info/substance should cater the need of the audience

Usability: Website should be user-friendly, and the navigation and interface design should be simple

Appearance: the text and images should depict a uniform style and overall consistency. The style should

be appropriate, professional and appealing

Visual Appeal: First impression, quality of content and consistency

Design v. Download speed: download time and connectivity, user experience and accessibly

Marketing and Branding Issues: audience analysis, organization profile; quality of website and

communication needs

Purpose of good design:

-Navigation and content: should be predictable and information should be found easily

-Visual design should not be an adherence

-Visual identity of pages: should represent a cohesive theme

Navigation:

Header, logo, menu, content, footer

Balance:

-Symmetrical

-Linear: balanced on one or more than one axis

-Radial: around a center point

-Asymmetrical

-Unity

-Proximity/ Repetition

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Terminology Internet: global collection of networks, both big and small. The Internet is a gigantic collection of millions of computers, all linked together on a computer network. The network allows all of the computers to communicate with one another. A home computer may be linked to the Internet using a phone-line modem, DSL or cable modem that talks to an Internet service provider ( ISP ). A computer in a business or university will usually have a network interface card ( NIC ) that directly connects it to a local area network ( LAN ) inside the business. The business can then connect its LAN to an ISP using a high- speed phone line like a T1 line. A T1 line can handle approximately 1.5 million bits per second, while a normal phone line using a modem can typically handle 30,000 to 50,000 bits per second. ISPs then connect to larger ISPs, and the largest ISPs maintain fiber-optic "backbones" for an entire nation or region. Backbones around the world are connected through fiber-optic lines, undersea cables or satellite links (see An Atlas of Cyberspaces for some interesting backbone maps). In this way, every computer on the Internet is connected to every other computer on the Internet. World Wide Web: an internet-based hypermedia initiative for global information sharing Protocol: sets of rules/standards to facilitate system interaction Convergence Metadata URL: http://www.lib.purdue.edu/libraries/index.html. anatomy: protocol/server/folder/file. HTML: a “markup” language. Standards-based. Evolving. stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. A "markup language" is a computer language that describes how a page should be formatted. If all you want to do is display a long string of black and white text with no formatting, then you don't need HTML. But if you want to change fonts, add colors, create headlines and embed graphics in your page, HTML is the language you use to do it. HTTP: method for moving information Golden Mean/Rule of Thirds Web Image Formats Design Principles Content: relevant info/substance should cater the need of the audience Usability: Website should be user-friendly, and the navigation and interface design should be simple Appearance: the text and images should depict a uniform style and overall consistency. The style should be appropriate, professional and appealing Visual Appeal: First impression, quality of content and consistency Design v. Download speed: download time and connectivity, user experience and accessibly Marketing and Branding Issues: audience analysis, organization profile; quality of website and communication needs Purpose of good design: -Navigation and content: should be predictable and information should be found easily -Visual design should not be an adherence -Visual identity of pages: should represent a cohesive theme Navigation: Header, logo, menu, content, footer Balance: -Symmetrical -Linear: balanced on one or more than one axis -Radial: around a center point -Asymmetrical -Unity -Proximity/ Repetition

Emphasis: placement, continuity, isolation, contrast. Proportion, perspective, light and shade, pattern, background color and image -Left column navigation (bigger third (2/3) on left) -Right column navigation (bigger third (2/3) on right) -Three column navigation (three equal (1/3s) Typography: -Common Fonts: Arial, Comic sans, impact, times new roman, trebuchet, verdana, etc. -Anatomy: serif, san-serif, script and display font -Vertical (kerning/tracking) and Horizontal (leading) spacing Color: -Temperature: Warm color, Cool color -Value: Tint- Pure- Shade -Saturation: when white and black are added -Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary color -Monochromatic/ Achromatic color -Analogous color: adjacent -Complementary, split complementary, triadic color, etc. Xanadu: first hypertext project, founded in 1960 by Ted Nelson Domain: Because most people have trouble remembering the strings of numbers that make up IP addresses, and because IP addresses sometimes need to change, all servers on the Internet also have human-readable names, called domain names. For example, www.howstuffworks.com is a permanent, human-readable name. It is easier for most of us to remember www.howstuffworks.com than it is to remember 209.116.69.66. Memex: a device in which an individual compresses and stores all of their books, records, and communications, which is then mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. A document can be given a simple numerical code that allows the user to access it after dialing the number combination. Documents are also able to be edited in real-time. This process makes annotation fast and simple. The memex is an enlarged intimate supplement to one's memory.[2]^ The memex has influenced the development of subsequential hypertext and intellect augmenting computer systems. Vannevar Bush Mundaneum : gather together the entire world's knowledge and classify it according to a system they developed called the Universal Decimal Classification. Paul Otlet Absolute and Relative Links: absolute link if the URL and file name can be found from anywhere on the Web, not just from a single Web site. An absolute link specifies a fully-qualified URL; the protocol must be present in addition to a domain name, and often a file name must be included as well. A relative link specifies the name of the file to be linked to only as it is related to the current document. For example, if all the files in your Web site are contained within the same directory (or folder), and you want to establish a link from page1.html to page2.html, the code on page1.html will be: Go to page 2 Semantic Web: see below Web 1.0/2.0/3.0: 1.0 v. 2. -double click v. google -mp3.com v. Napster -brittanica online v. Wikipedia -publishing v. participating -directories v. tagging -personal websites v. blogging

External Style Sheet As far as which way is better, it depends on what you want to do. If you have only one file to style then placing it within the tags (internal) will work fine. Though if you are planning on styling multiple files then the external file method is the way to go. Synchronous/asynchronous: same time (face-to-face, microphone, overhead projector)/ different time (email, cave painting, post-it note, msg. on chalkboards, etc.) Collocated/distributed: Col- to occur in conjunction with something--happening simultaneously. Dis- Because it is pervasive, web 2.0 facilitates distributed creation- it doesn't matter where the individuals or communities reside, they can access the platform Tags: “meta”, logical, physical. Structure: elements/tag, attributes, values, open and close components. Organization: hierarchies and nesting. Search Engine Optimization ARPANET: (Internet) was brought online in 1969 under a contract let by the renamed Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) People to know: Focus on their major ideas and contributions Vannevar Bush: memex Paul Olet: mundaneum Tim Nelson: project xanadu. Tim Berners Lee: World Wide Web Important Documents/Media to Review Videos Wright: The Web that Wasn’t Kevin Kelly: Predicting the Next 5000 Days Articles A History of the Internet— J.C.R. Licklider of MIT, Leonard Kleinrock of MIT, and Lawrence Roberts of MIT founders of the internet. The Internet, then known as ARPANET, was brought online in 1969 under a contract let by the renamed Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which initially connected four major computers at universities in the southwestern US (UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, UCSB, and the University of Utah). The Internet was designed in part to provide a communications network that would work even if some of the sites were destroyed by nuclear attack. If the most direct route was not available, routers would direct traffic around the network via alternate routes. E-mail was adapted for ARPANET by Ray Tomlinson of BBN in 1972. The telnet protocol, enabling logging on to a remote computer, was published as a Request for Comments (RFC) in 1972. RFC's are a means of sharing developmental work throughout community. The ftp protocol, enabling file transfers between Internet sites, was published as an RFC in 1973, and from then on RFC's were available electronically to anyone who had use of the ftp protocol. The Internet matured in the 70's as a result of the TCP/IP architecture first proposed by Bob Kahn at BBN and further developed by Kahn and Vint Cerf, It was adopted by the Defense Department in 1980 replacing the earlier Network Control Protocol (NCP) and universally adopted by
In 1986, the National Science Foundation funded NSFNet as a cross country 56 Kbps backbone for the Internet. They maintained their sponsorship for nearly a decade, setting rules for its non-commercial government and research uses. In 1991, the first really friendly interface to the Internet was developed at the University of Minnesota. In 1989 another significant event took place in making the nets easier to use. Tim Berners-Lee and others at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, more popularly known as CERN, proposed a new protocol for information distribution. This protocol, which became the World Wide Web in 1991, was based on hypertext--a system of embedding links in text to link to other text,

which you have been using every time you selected a text link while reading these pages. Although started before gopher, it was slower to develop. Delphi was the first national commercial online service to offer Internet access to its subscribers. It opened up an email connection in July 1992 and full Internet service in November 1992. All pretenses of limitations on commercial use disappeared in May 1995 when the National Science Foundation ended its sponsorship of the Internet backbone, and all traffic relied on commercial networks. How the Internet Infrastructure Works For example, you may use a modem and dial a local number to connect to an Internet Service Provider (ISP). At work, you may be part of a local area network (LAN), but you most likely still connect to the Internet using an ISP that your company has contracted with. When you connect to your ISP, you become part of their network. The ISP may then connect to a larger network and become part of their network. The Internet is simply a network of networks. Most large communications companies have their own dedicated backbones connecting various regions. In each region, the company has a Point of Presence (POP). The POP is a place for local users to access the company's network, often through a local phone number or dedicated line. The amazing thing here is that there is no overall controlling network. Instead, there are several high-level networks connecting to each other through Network Access Points or NAPs. Here's an example. Imagine that Company A is a large ISP. In each major city, Company A has a POP. The POP in each city is a rack full of modems that the ISP's customers dial into. Company A leases fiber optic lines from the phone company to connect the POPs together (see, for example, this UUNET Data Center Connectivity Map). Imagine that Company B is a corporate ISP. Company B builds large buildings in major cities and corporations locate their Internet server machines in these buildings. Company B is such a large company that it runs its own fiber optic lines between its buildings so that they are all interconnected. In this arrangement, all of Company A's customers can talk to each other, and all of Company B's customers can talk to each other, but there is no way for Company A's customers and Company B's customers to intercommunicate. Therefore, Company A and Company B both agree to connect to NAPs in various cities, and traffic between the two companies flows between the networks at the NAPs. In the real Internet, dozens of large Internet providers interconnect at NAPs in various cities, and trillions of bytes of data flow between the individual networks at these points. The Internet is a collection of huge corporate networks that agree to all intercommunicate with each other at the NAPs. In this way, every computer on the Internet connects to every other

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