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midterm uy guide nr509, Cheat Sheet of Nursing

Chamberlain College of NursingNursing

study guide study guidestudy guide

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2024/2025

Uploaded on 02/25/2025

karolina-piwnica
karolina-piwnica 🇺🇸

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1. What are differential diagnoses?
oDifferential diagnoses are a list of possible conditions or diseases that could be
causing a patient's symptoms. It helps healthcare providers narrow down the
potential causes and guide further testing and treatment.
2. What do the different heart sounds indicate?
oDifferent heart sounds can indicate various conditions:
S1 (first heart sound): Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves;
indicates the start of systole.
S2 (second heart sound): Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves;
indicates the end of systole.
S3 (third heart sound): May indicate heart failure or volume overload.
S4 (fourth heart sound): Often associated with hypertensive heart disease
or a stiff ventricle.
3. What are the signs of heart failure?
oSigns of heart failure include:
Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
Fatigue
Swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen (edema)
Rapid or irregular heartbeat
Persistent cough or wheezing
4. Know how different moles/lesions present.
oMoles (nevi) can vary in appearance:
Normal moles: Usually round, uniform in color, and less than 6mm in
diameter.
Atypical moles: Irregular borders, multiple colors, larger than 6mm, and
may change over time.
Lesions: Can be raised, flat, scaly, or ulcerated, and may vary in color and
size.
5. Differentials for sore throat.
oDifferential diagnoses for sore throat include:
Viral pharyngitis
Bacterial pharyngitis (e.g., streptococcal)
Allergies
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Tonsillitis
6. Know the signs of depression vs anxiety vs mood disorders.
oDepression: Persistent sadness, loss of interest, fatigue, changes in appetite,
feelings of worthlessness.
oAnxiety: Excessive worry, restlessness, difficulty concentrating, physical
symptoms (e.g., increased heart rate).
oMood disorders: Include bipolar disorder, characterized by mood swings
between depression and mania.
7. Signs of asthma vs COPD vs bronchitis.
oAsthma: Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing (especially at
night).
oCOPD: Chronic cough, sputum production, dyspnea, and a history of smoking.
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  1. What are differential diagnoses? o Differential diagnoses are a list of possible conditions or diseases that could be causing a patient's symptoms. It helps healthcare providers narrow down the potential causes and guide further testing and treatment.
  2. What do the different heart sounds indicate? o Different heart sounds can indicate various conditions:  S1 (first heart sound) : Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves; indicates the start of systole.  S2 (second heart sound) : Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves; indicates the end of systole.  S3 (third heart sound) : May indicate heart failure or volume overload.  S4 (fourth heart sound) : Often associated with hypertensive heart disease or a stiff ventricle.
  3. What are the signs of heart failure? o Signs of heart failure include:  Shortness of breath (dyspnea)  Fatigue  Swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen (edema)  Rapid or irregular heartbeat  Persistent cough or wheezing
  4. Know how different moles/lesions present. o Moles (nevi) can vary in appearance:  Normal moles : Usually round, uniform in color, and less than 6mm in diameter.  Atypical moles : Irregular borders, multiple colors, larger than 6mm, and may change over time.  Lesions : Can be raised, flat, scaly, or ulcerated, and may vary in color and size.
  5. Differentials for sore throat. o Differential diagnoses for sore throat include:  Viral pharyngitis  Bacterial pharyngitis (e.g., streptococcal)  Allergies  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)  Tonsillitis
  6. Know the signs of depression vs anxiety vs mood disorders. o Depression : Persistent sadness, loss of interest, fatigue, changes in appetite, feelings of worthlessness. o Anxiety : Excessive worry, restlessness, difficulty concentrating, physical symptoms (e.g., increased heart rate). o Mood disorders : Include bipolar disorder, characterized by mood swings between depression and mania.
  7. Signs of asthma vs COPD vs bronchitis. o Asthma : Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing (especially at night). o COPD : Chronic cough, sputum production, dyspnea, and a history of smoking.

o Bronchitis : Cough with mucus, wheezing, and chest discomfort.

  1. Know your cranial nerves. o There are 12 cranial nerves, each with specific functions, including sensory and motor functions related to the head and neck.
  2. Know what an eardrum looks like (normal and abnormal). o Normal eardrum : Pearly gray, translucent, and concave. o Abnormal eardrum : Red, bulging (indicating infection), perforated, or with fluid behind it.
  3. Know how to describe rashes (vesicles, pustules, papules, etc). o Vesicles : Small, fluid-filled blisters. o Pustules : Pus-filled lesions. o Papules : Small, raised bumps.
  4. What are pertinent negatives? o Pertinent negatives are specific symptoms or findings that are absent but are important to note in the context of a diagnosis.
  5. How do you ask patients their pronoun? o You can ask, "What pronouns do you use?" or "How would you like me to refer to you?"
  6. What diseases will you see orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea? o Conditions such as heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary edema can cause orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.
  7. Know how to describe the location of lymph nodes. o Lymph nodes can be described by their anatomical locations, such as cervical (neck), axillary (armpit), inguinal (groin), and supraclavicular (above the collarbone).
  8. Know the presentation in skin of the different types of vascular disease. o Vascular diseases can present with changes in skin color, temperature, and texture, as well as ulcers or varicosities.
  9. Why does cellulitis cause streaking? o Streaking occurs due to the spread of infection along lymphatic vessels, indicating a more severe infection.
  10. Know the landmarks for pulses. o Common pulse landmarks include the radial, carotid, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis arteries.
  11. Differentials for varying blood pressure across extremities. o Possible causes include aortic dissection, peripheral artery disease, or embolism.
  12. Causes of radiating back pain. o Causes can include herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or referred pain from abdominal organs.
  13. Anatomy of location for heart sounds. o Heart sounds are best heard at specific auscultation points: aortic (2nd right intercostal space), pulmonic (2nd left intercostal space), tricuspid (4th left intercostal space), and mitral (5th left intercostal space).
  14. Know the signs of different cardiac valve disorders. o Signs can include murmurs, heart failure symptoms, and changes in heart sounds.
  15. Signs of pulmonary hypertension.

o Concerning findings may include lesions, white patches (leukoplakia), or swelling.

  1. Normal nasal exam findings. o Normal findings include clear nasal mucosa, no polyps, and patent nasal passages.
  2. Causes of tinnitus. o Causes can include exposure to loud noise, ear infections, and certain medications.
  3. What is aphasia? o Aphasia is a language disorder that affects a person's ability to communicate, impacting speaking, understanding, reading, or writing.
  4. Know concrete and abstract thinking. o Concrete thinking refers to literal interpretation, while abstract thinking involves understanding concepts and ideas beyond the literal.
  5. What should trigger a mental health screening? o Triggers may include significant changes in mood, behavior, or functioning, as well as risk factors like a history of mental illness.
  6. What is chronic pain? o Chronic pain is pain that persists for longer than three months, often beyond the expected period of healing.
  7. Eating disorders. o Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge- eating disorder.
  8. Sensitivity and specificity of murmurs. o Sensitivity refers to the ability to correctly identify those with a condition (true positive rate), while specificity refers to correctly identifying those without the condition (true negative rate).
  9. Know when to do a comprehensive vs focused health history. o A comprehensive health history is done for new patients or when a full assessment is needed, while a focused history is for established patients with specific concerns.
  10. What is the FIFE model? o The FIFE model is a framework for understanding a patient's perspective: Feelings, Ideas, Function, and Expectations.
  11. Different levels of lower extremity edema. o Edema can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the degree of swelling and pitting.