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Minerals Groups - Dynamic Earth - Lecture Slides, Slides of Earth Sciences

Jaypee University of Engineering & TechnologyEarth Sciences

Mineral Groups, Rock Forming Minerals, Elemental Abundances, Continental Crust, Silicates, Silicon Oxygen Tetrahedron, Joining Silicate Structures, Types of Silicate Structures are important points of this lecture of dynamic earth course.

Typology: Slides

2011/2012

Uploaded on 11/19/2012

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Mineral groups
Nearly 4000 minerals have been
named
Rock-forming minerals
•Common minerals that make up
most of the rocks of Earth’s crust
•Only a few dozen members
•Composed mainly of the 8
elements that make up over 98%
of the continental crust
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Mineral groups

 Nearly 4000 minerals have been

named

 Rock-forming minerals

  • Common minerals that make up

most of the rocks of Earth’s crust

  • Only a few dozen members
  • Composed mainly of the 8

elements that make up over 98%

of the continental crust

Elemental abundances

in continental crust

Figure 3.

Two

illustrations

of the

Si–O

tetrahedron

Figure 3.

Mineral groups

 Joining silicate structures

  • Single tetrahedra are linked

together to form various structures

including

  • Isolated tetrahedra
  • Ring structures
  • Single and double chain structures
  • Sheet or layered structures
  • Complex 3-dimensional structures

Some Important Minerals

 Silicates:

 Plagioclase feldspar (most abundant min. in the crust)  Potassium feldspar (the pink in granites)  Quartz (granites and sandstones)  Hornblende (dark mineral in granites)  Biotite (black mica, also in granites)  Muscovite (silver mica)  Olivine (most abundant min. the mantle, also in basalt)  Pyroxene (in basalt)  Garnet (in some metamorphic rocks)

Mineral groups

 Common silicate minerals

  • Light silicates: Feldspar group
    • Most common mineral group
    • Exhibit two directions of perfect cleavage at 90 degrees
    • Orthoclase (potassium feldspar) and Plagioclase (sodium and calcium feldspar) are the two most common members

Mineral groups

 Common silicate minerals

  • Light silicates: Muscovite
    • Common member of the mica family
    • Excellent cleavage in one direction
    • Produces the “glimmering” brilliance often seen in beach sand

Muscovite

Mineral groups

 Common silicate minerals

  • Dark silicates: Olivine group
    • High temperature Fe-Mg silicates
    • Individual tetrahedra linked together by iron and magnesium ions
    • Forms small, rounded crystals with no cleavage

Olivine

Mineral groups

 Common silicate minerals

  • Dark silicates: Amphibole group
    • Double chain structures involving a variety of ions
    • Two perfect cleavages exhibiting angles of 124 and 56 degrees
    • Hornblende is the most common mineral in the amphibole group

Mineral groups

 Important nonsilicate minerals

  • Typically divided into classes

based on anions

  • Comprise only 8% of Earth’s

crust

  • Often occur as constituents in

sedimentary rocks

Some Important Minerals

 Rock-forming Non-silicates:  Calcite (limestones and marbles)  Halite (rock salt, in dried lake basins)  Gypsum (also in dried lake basins)

 Ore minerals:  Native elements: gold, silver, graphite, diamond  Sulfides like pyrite (fools gold) & galena (lead)  Oxides: magnetite & corundum