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Misc Biology
cell theory - correct answer 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
- Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA, passed on from parent to daughter cell RER - correct answer studded with ribosomes permit translation of protein destined for secretion SER - correct answer lipid synthesis and detoxidification Golgi Apparatus - correct answer stacked membrane bound sacs in which cellular products can be modified, packaged, and directed to specific cellular locations Peroxisomes - correct answer contain hydrogen peroxide break down very long fatty acid chains via beta oxidation participate in phospholipid synthesis and detoxification microfilatments - correct answer actin structural support for the cell
helps to form cleavage furrow during cytokinesis microtubules - correct answer tubulin create pathways for kinesines and dyneins to carry vesicles. Contribute to the structure of cilia and flagella mitotic spindle intermediate filaments - correct answer involved in cell-cell adhesion or maintenance of the integrity of the cytoskeleton keratin and desmin parenchyma - correct answer functional portion archaea - correct answer extremophiles similar to eukaryotes and bacteria bacteria - correct answer similarities to eukaryotes, have complex relationship with humans (symbiosis and pathogenesis) cocci - correct answer spherical baccili - correct answer rod gram positive - correct answer purple
make alpha helixes into beta sheets this decreases the solubility and degradability of the misfolded protein G1 stage - correct answer presynthetic gap cells create organelles for energy and protein production increase size restriction point S stage - correct answer synthesis DNA replicated G2 Phase - correct answer postsynthetic further cell growth and replication of organelles restriction point G0 stage - correct answer cell performs its function without any preparation for division Male Reproductive System - correct answer Seminiferous tubules: sperm develop here and are nourished by sertoli cells Epididymus: sperm gain motility, stored here until ejaculation Vas deferens: sperm travels thru here during ejactuation Ejaculatory duct Urethra, and out thru
Penis SEVEN UP Spermatogenesis - correct answer 4 haploid sperm produced from a spermatogonium After S stage: primary spermatocytes After Meiosis I: secondary spermatocytes After Meiosis II: spermatids After maturation spermatozoa S-> 1 - > 2 - >mat primary - > secondary - > spermatid - > spermatozoa Oogenesis - correct answer haploid ovum and variable number of polar bodies formed from an oogonium at birth :primary oocytes arrested in prophase I ovulated cell: secondary oocyte if fertilized: will complete meiosis II to true ovum zona pellucida - correct answer cellular mixture of glycoproteins that protext the oocyte and contain the compounds necessary for sperm binding
endometrial lining is sloughed off the block on GnRH is removed ectoderm - correct answer epidermis, nails, hair, epithelia of nose/mouth/anal canal, nervous system and lens of eye Mesoderm - correct answer musculoskeletal, circulatory, and excretory systems gonads and muscular and connective tissues layers in the digestive and respiratory systems as well as the adrenal cortex endoderm - correct answer becomes much of the epithelial linings of the respiratory and digestive tracts and parts of the pancreas, thyroid, bladder, and distal urinary tracts totipotent - correct answer Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell. pluripotent - correct answer Able to give rise to multiple, but not all, cell types. multipotent - correct answer cell with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells astrocytes - correct answer nourish neurons and form the BBB
ependymal cells - correct answer line the ventricles of the brain and produce CSF Microglia - correct answer phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in CNS peptide hormones - correct answer composed of AAs, polar, cannot pass thru the plasma membrane travel freely in the blood stream steroid hormones - correct answer derived from cholesterol minimally polar, can pass thru the plasma membrane carried by specific proteins AA derivative hormones - correct answer modified AAs epi, norepi, T3, T Hypothalamus - correct answer bridge between nervous and endocrine system stimulates the anterior pituitary gland thru paracrine release of hormones into the hypophyseal portal system which directly connects the two organs
- GnRH
- GHRH
- CRF: release of ACTH
- Prolactin Inhibiting Factor
Mineral Corticoids - correct answer aldosterone, promote Na+ resorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct Pineal Gland - correct answer Releases melatonin - the sleep hormone Total lung capacity - correct answer max volume air in the lungs Residual Volume - correct answer min volume of air in lungs after exhalation Vital capacity - correct answer diff between max and min Tidal volume - correct answer volume of air inhaled with each breath expiratory reserve volume - correct answer the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation inspiratory reserve volume - correct answer volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation electric conduction of the heart - correct answer SA - > AV - > bundle of his - > perkije fibers Hepatic portal system - correct answer blood from gut capillary beds --> liver capillary bed
via hepatic portal vein hypophyseal portal system - correct answer blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary Renal Portal system - correct answer blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole NK cells - correct answer attach cells not presenting MHC molecules, including virally infected cells and cancer cells Granulocytes - correct answer neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Neutrophils - correct answer ingest bacteria, particularly opsonized bacteria (marked with antibodies) Eosinophils - correct answer used in allergic reactions and invasive parasitiv infections They release histamine causing inflammatory response Basophils - correct answer used in allergic reactions Mast cells are related and found in the skin Helper T cells - correct answer Activate macrophages, B cells and T cells.
A band - correct answer contains thick bands in their entirety, maintains size during contraction Muscle contraction - correct answer acetylcholine binds to receptors in sarcolemma, causing depolarization spreads down to sarcolemma to the T tubules, triggering release of Ca2+ Ca2+ binds to troponin, causing a shift in tropomyosin and exposure of the myosin binding sites on the actin thin filament Shorting of the sarcomere occurs as myosin heads bind to the exposed sites on actin, forming cross bridges and pulling the actin filaments along the thick filament, resulting in contraction Muscle relaxes when acetylcholine is degraded by acetylcholinsterase, allowing Ca2+ to be brought back into the SR ATP binds to the myosin head, allowing it to be released from actin Parathyroid Hormone - correct answer increase resorption of bone, increase Ca2+ and phosphate concentration in the blood Vitamin D - correct answer increase resorption of bone, leading to increase turnover and subsequently the production of stronger bone Calcitonin - correct answer increase bone formation, decrease Ca2+ levels in blood
Directional selection - correct answer moves the average phenotype toward one extreme disruptive selection - correct answer moves toward two different phenotypes at the extremes and can lead to speciation Adaptive Radiation - correct answer the rapid emergence of multiple species from a common ancestor, each of which occupies its own ecological niche
