Exploring Psychology: Classical & Operant Conditioning and Cognitive Learning - Prof. Jene, Study notes of Psychology

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UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY

9 TH EDITION By Robert Feldman Powerpoint slides by Kimberly Foreman



CHAPTER SIX:

LEARNING

MODULE 17: ClassicalMODULE 17: Classical

Conditioning Conditioning



Learning

› (^) Relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience

The Basics of ClassicalThe Basics of Classical

Conditioning Conditioning



Type of learning in which a neutral

stimulus comes to elicit a response

after being paired with a stimulus that

naturally brings about that response



Ivan Pavlov

Applying ConditioningApplying Conditioning

Principles to Human Principles to Human

Behavior Behavior



“Little Albert”

› (^) John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) 

Phobias



Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

ExtinctionExtinction



Occurs when a previously conditioned

response decreases in frequency and

eventually disappears

› (^) Spontaneous Recovery  (^) Reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning

Beyond Traditional ClassicalBeyond Traditional Classical Conditioning: Challenging Basic Conditioning: Challenging Basic Assumptions Assumptions 

John Garcia

› (^) Found that some organisms – including humans – were biologically prepared to quickly learn to avoid foods that smelled or tasted like something that made them sick  (^) Learned taste aversion

MODULE 18: OperantMODULE 18: Operant

Conditioning Conditioning



What is the role of reward and

punishment in learning?



What are some practical methods for

bringing about behavior change, both in

ourselves and in others?

Thorndike’s Law of EffectThorndike’s Law of Effect

 (^) Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated

The Basics of OperantThe Basics of Operant

Conditioning Conditioning



Reinforcement

› (^) Process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated  (^) Reinforcer  (^) Primary  (^) Secondary

The Basics of OperantThe Basics of Operant

Conditioning Conditioning



Punishment

› (^) Stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again  (^) Positive punishment  (^) Adding something  (^) Negative punishment  (^) Removing something

Schedules of ReinforcementSchedules of Reinforcement



Continuous reinforcement schedule

› (^) Reinforced every time it occurs 

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

schedule

› (^) Reinforced some but not all of the time

Schedules of ReinforcementSchedules of Reinforcement



Fixed-Interval Schedule

› (^) Provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed › (^) Overall rates of response are relatively low 

Variable-Interval Schedule

› (^) Time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed

Discrimination andDiscrimination and Generalization in Operant Generalization in Operant Conditioning Conditioning 

Stimulus control training

› (^) Behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus, but not in its absence 

Discriminative stimulus

› (^) Signals the likelihood that reinforcement will follow a response