Nonparametric Tests and Chi-Square Analysis: Q&A, Exams of Social Sciences

A question-and-answer format overview of nonparametric tests and chi-square analysis. It covers key concepts such as the differences between parametric and nonparametric tests, types of data used, hypothesis testing, degrees of freedom calculation, expected frequency calculation, and assumptions for chi-square analysis. It also includes information on goodness-of-fit tests, tests for independence, effect size measures, and apa formatting for results. This resource is useful for students studying statistics and research methods, offering a concise review of essential topics and practical applications.

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MODULE 8: NONPARAMETRIC TESTS AND CHI-
SQUARE ANALYSIS
__ tests make assumptions about population parameters and the data is assumed
normally distributed, it is performed on numerical continuous or ratio data. - Answer -
Parametric tests
___ tests make no assumptions about population parameters and uses nominal/ordinal
data. - Answer -Nonparametric
___ data is ranked data - Answer -ordinal
___ data is categorical data - Answer -nominal
The corresponding parametric-nonparametric test for paired sample test is ___ test -
Answer -Wilcoxon Test
What are the null and alternative hypotheses for a test for independence? - Answer -
Ho: There is no relationship between the two variables
Ha: There is a relationship between the two variables.
How do you calculate df for test for independence? - Answer -df = (k1-1)(k2-1)
How do you calculate expected frequency for test for independence? - Answer -
Calculate total for rows, columns, and all (n).
E = (row total)(column total)/n -- calculate for each individual row/column. For two
variables with two categories, this would equal 4 E values.
The corresponding parametric-nonparametric test for Pearson's r is ___ test - Answer -
Spearman's rho
___ compares observed frequencies to expected frequencies. Provides statistical
indicator for the statistical significance of the difference. - Answer -Chi-square
A chi-square critical region is always __ skewed - Answer -right-skewed
Determining df for chi square goodness of fit test - Answer -k-1 where k is the number
of categories
4 assumptions made about data used in chi-square analysis - Answer -1. Data is
reported in frequencies
2. Each participant can only be a member of one category. Repeated measures are not
possible
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MODULE 8: NONPARAMETRIC TESTS AND CHI-

SQUARE ANALYSIS

__ tests make assumptions about population parameters and the data is assumed normally distributed, it is performed on numerical continuous or ratio data. - Answer - Parametric tests ___ tests make no assumptions about population parameters and uses nominal/ordinal data. - Answer - Nonparametric ___ data is ranked data - Answer - ordinal ___ data is categorical data - Answer - nominal The corresponding parametric-nonparametric test for paired sample test is ___ test - Answer - Wilcoxon Test What are the null and alternative hypotheses for a test for independence? - Answer - Ho: There is no relationship between the two variables Ha: There is a relationship between the two variables. How do you calculate df for test for independence? - Answer - df = (k1-1)(k2-1) How do you calculate expected frequency for test for independence? - Answer - Calculate total for rows, columns, and all (n). E = (row total)(column total)/n -- calculate for each individual row/column. For two variables with two categories, this would equal 4 E values. The corresponding parametric-nonparametric test for Pearson's r is ___ test - Answer - Spearman's rho ___ compares observed frequencies to expected frequencies. Provides statistical indicator for the statistical significance of the difference. - Answer - Chi-square A chi-square critical region is always __ skewed - Answer - right-skewed Determining df for chi square goodness of fit test - Answer - k-1 where k is the number of categories 4 assumptions made about data used in chi-square analysis - Answer - 1. Data is reported in frequencies

  1. Each participant can only be a member of one category. Repeated measures are not possible
  1. Membership in each category is independent
  2. The expected frequency for each category must be at least 5 for mathematical purposes The ___ chi-square test measures the statistical significance of the difference between observed frequencies when there is one categorical variable - Answer - goodness of fit The ___ chi square test measures the relationship between two categorical variables - Answer - test for independence What are the null and alternative hypotheses for the chi square goodness of fit test? - Answer - Ho: All proportions are equal Ha: All proportions are not equal The corresponding parametric-nonparametric test for independent samples t-tests are the ___ test - Answer - Mann-Whitney U Test The corresponding parametric-nonparametric test for an ANOVA test is ___ test - Answer - Kruskal-Wallis Test What values do you need for the chi square critical value table? - Answer - alpha and df What is the APA format for results for a goodness of fit test? - Answer - In a recent survey about ___, report results of survey. The data showered that there is/not a statistically significant difference in the two variables. x^2 (df,N)=calculated x^2, p-value How to calculate expected frequency for goodness of fit test - Answer - E=n/k The expected frequency calculated tells you the frequency that should result due to - Answer - chance A ___ table is used for goodness of fit tests, a ___ test is used for tests for independence - Answer - frequency table, contingency table APA format for test for independence - Answer - The calculated x^2 value of ___ exceeded the critical value of __. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. There is sufficient evidence that a relationship exists between the two variables, x^2(df,n=)= 11.069, p<0. For a 2x2 contingency table, where each of the two variables has two categories, the ___ is used to measure effect size. - Answer - phi coefficient φ For contingency tables larger than 2x2, ___ is calculated for effect size - Answer - Cramers V