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* Meleelon Cytogenetics . Set, } Date ude * Clue: a nan Repatenth DNA _Conteng 4 Cu vatwe, [ She Chromosomat Aegon een en mULeheay BNA Con Cen) veders 7 an total Genowrt __ef —_DNB___in | a ehrnosomme, ov in. Qa kee at Chiornosom es. She i oo : fea 7 __ AKDIND 9m jcc ee aoe , coubte, Atvomded am = also —. bin te Fa Gevlorne, ; ; Besse im tordhs of Sagi te te ( eer | 2) ficognamns | Iba = to eo ) oy the “et ep basopdivsl! ( bf) Etiby VO te ogame ote T#O | meqabasefains ( en), In|" dtiftoid “euhano- tes, ( the chavarten ittic value! of habe DNA Comtent fev rmetous os fet | te Se. value?. hoe represents tw total Armoury of WA conlfaed in a Bek of | ! is Chromosomes Ugpecatta ee » fecoopams ). ¢ he MULLEAN genome sexe of mAme, euhanpoters toes not, appear Ur leovverath. wer Ut tw ergamitm ||| Complenitiy ex. he ge1077 65 of Y Solomeomders! ( eas Arnfbrizea) Contain VU meve han {0 _thmes Be -amotnt of DNA that is im the bueman laensinés, yet Satarm anders wre LE Compton, Y eran ibn Ginn: Wis back of Covvelation Yur Gerpme Kea & ergant4m [ -Complentkey, | veders Cit te! —_©- value v porsdoe- T Even 0 iz i ow! ceil werared _— species | Cam howe CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner béo fogteak Co iit, of am v organise : U) So = C- value paradox is he amount (no. f bp) oy | voleeme (_ pecogvas ) DNA presents im ow boplotd set r of t- Ghvenrbdothe, 4 on Qa bamate / Thu yeateng tow On U Ea 8 having greater gemormete |e an ee Y one v } | —_ = Presence ef non - ss / gener - Presemce of VATRs , Yenclern Mrefeates meerxos ote ie Dutt poly mol Pith, = Presonee. of PC] fierclogemes , mmeuttifte copces - of auneh | polls beoict, | emtargerléc Iagsuollek Pid d * C- varie faracioe > KH means Comprent pean t, ! Correlate. G genomic / Kee. aa nia Yurmoans — 24 x Oa bp. id ae Pilium BpPe - eS we 19” op! ae. sane Poche, luke — 6.6 x ro!" bp ees it K ~ Vetus — pavader » St means Complex << Sy Siteeti® covletate x Chromosome, TE Sperat nO. CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner ae | YearvomgermtkS c Causes geme__—_ ow a ii). Dna floid & yo aa) d Peter pelos tre! | xl chomge, _tn_ the" _® chiososdmnel | Gag. [ sets a a is gene prokucts get, imoveased . - 4 | iv) U Retrotrbnshostion : U hee, One Corbain pes 4 of tremsthions hat Copy fate. ermatlves at chi flevent location 4 iV a" RNA 4 | ; eI : te : entermes. hus imovens = a a | { i prosuctss 4 1 2 Prtéfectat, gene _ ample ccation _ Py is dome &m lobovaton, | boo Polymerase | Choon Reaction ( Pc) (a C4 rdkeonen , i oltag noses yreepmrbimamt, DNA techno ii & tw i get. d CL ad ertxo RNS procuct, U , & versatLee tm vitro ™ ethoof toy baht - of ying defined tonget DNA hseniisrhent present tim a Sripvee, of PNP; It T nses they Ability of DNA foluym- erase, to Aegnthesdne- ne lkevome? of | DNA | CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner ace of __ Pee. Dat oe i if cide i). Dna Kesriftetiy that contains ue a qo DNA fo rm evOKE- oy they’ DNA, +e wy c Va tempreature optimum at anouned to'c- | | jae prvmnews ( amndftemers) that one Comple~ yy eo poto the 13” ends of each | ae hy Aemse & Amkti- Sense | Atty omgs of ae haem te Corget OND. 2 (an _Dewrynudtestide __tricbhospoates ( dniP,)— we ; ee htoc-tes "film & the ON fotigmercthe Segnthentres | a new DNA Avon of aioe sotition Ve fuovicleS a _—huritabee = emutyenment fer | optimum axtivite, K fede of oe | png | folimevase- Y Bivotent "cations Cumotty mat )l Vos a ¥ acttyué u r & Eniuyme useof? Tag DNA folymevase- eM Miurme- allows vepcation, It ks obtacmed Ud ferom an l extremofiitic, — hactere- “m-, Yowrmus aguoties , & lives im hot. Aprimgs & oxides termfpreaterres Above loo. Subs" fotymerose (Tag fotginenacse.) has tne chavactert vemontobte! Ue withstand tempreatures of around 100"C One eaters dentine: Pest, froteims, a aquaticws firnts tes | temferatune at 44° i activite; ef ies Atatwmtoge of he totumenase ( Sperat \ CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner 4 In the base Composition of Prewerd. gst he ‘yo w 66% ! Ge t hay c oo ever otéstyibution of atl ‘ ey rere Leotecle. | _ p——serretiomes _ fegemervate trém ws Ore weed. b These are achen omiltunes of stm ton, p— St met ler ti prémers. They mg Rofo COmmentenk xf tly | KOme gery, ows te _ yp be am futfied U fz ctf erent OVGORLAIS p—% te! U genes tremselves \V ame, pratt jp Senta bet mot identical / _ b> PeR seeps b She PCR ts thal reacting b__eonseses of a tuvles of tutes of 2 - suceeseue | yeactions & Teac, d cxete| 4 Be an oloetLes the amount, | of tonaee b BAB. Cv i i Seep 4 « Dematuration ( Sefaration of Corser _ 7) mt She Longet DNA Comtadm ina Sequel to fe pS amtbtifeed a, beat, tematned i OnpuLmop _ 1 93, r O45 wor toy 15 tee) to separate (£4 2 Corre tenner ong [stroma , tis | fous is fof k matting oft tonget DNA. Jhe | ~veactinn 2 Lembrbatiunre: 3 wren elreel __ aft 5S mmimectes. [ae | bigh tomprestune treats | tae ea F Hos neue Leotires = Cloubte hatin. > beep 9 Pr tmey Soneatng, a 19m this staf wl temforature by ‘ _rectuceet to ofp atetey Yo" bore 2X the ; Sperat 7 CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner Forte Avent _—=s muneleotide tref Corr, Uaerp, Wocrp, orp) &# @ stoke DNA im reese be adetech im ge the “eet ce 7 : polymerase ity 7 the Dna ll iets 4 _ _—s bap he ( ot “4 bec). | ~ fone 1- After care paktow of an 4 abs “wy on ge , ag i tw Seeonot | 1 cycle uw vepeated ¢ LLtowin War. Kooks { ( proces 9 20 Kutch » “pevuy i T RENCE Ni) — z PR nfs Me x 2” eo ja Ns finok no 4 DNA rnolecreees __ Prockucecf ty fh CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner too Dematuration os C1 mbm) j GST" G0 ‘ \ =— = 2 H \ Bitad : _ 80+ ! \ 3 a : 3 \ Jf ce + betc / ——_ —— ae J &temsion Ry 60 \ / (aon). . Sse 4 oo itil h camel | (Im) ¢ t T T 7 T f r i g ee ee) 6 io Yeme ( mrénutes) 2 App Ucations 4 Pek - ia "A is used ft ts clinical Apectonems for te few en fectious | ! agents: > HTv, lefties, eee outa ete { ; 4 : 4 Eas Vor 5 usec! by the Anak hty 0 outta tions | ot OLY mame gemeitli Aiea ce, - IC flexs am 9 tons vole on nme CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner 47 Cong Crvolution Dake suurLeolnsesnn - emome, olution ts the byocess pos Qa genome & congiintes | areata A (__ segeremee_) oe "omy tires Toe AL Procenes 2 mutations s clfpicatlons , eon ne ; ot na , ; eee anne l chement4 4 “+ a Que, Contributed? to WT pron Shes Ovotution f enome 4 Bs Chanaetert2ecf by tly eer ee of a) Chamages v These cheemges occur ene iy q genome _ duplications poly plotch, U AL mmeutatin wates J gemornte- yx y & a Geme Los Le. U 7 che U Putation rates: Sportamenus —_ rurtations tin SY peer & Cam Couse vorvinis Chomger im 7 an Qemome- Mutations cam SS ai the, U actetit ion ey dletetton ef one oY Pa mere nuctyortide bases. A omutation a) " the promotes veg kon ; emhomery __-veaton x & Y -veaton I Cockiina, y fex trom sex Ef tion factors A earl also ¢ vest | an eithey a SS of Aa are cor) Occuring Bins Us am Orgasms ) gemome & ( Cam etley ex A Prexactogener: | Of an A et of 5 as bponrkomenus —_- mectation Plcestupenes lame 4 af tional genes olor ey from ctidh aL a6, con C become a i gee ineterotin a CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner | aa ee ee 2 i 0 faes edb gg ae ubsets ahi, yeouetion when 4 _A__meceter —Omeyrove. es es Fiza -_ “4 wen _oxgetitims ada ad ~¢ l | Lf e ue Y Wher, “fe & = fore 7 yeLatiy ( | fo -_ thal freee -_Livtng 4 e+ (156 Mbp & 946 mop ). | ( a 4 i 4 2 Keperttine ~~ DSe4remces = A (either fe tae ee Seg cat Ces DNA - = tong that Ove “Wo fewest in oe ene oe fy fy | gemonre KG -4 oe! 57... AAT ce aatt - --- Aart e&ec parr--- + these repeating base fairs One et uatle, St mon fumeteonat 9 wy uo; dumetion ( wrk retain) 4 heres, -() thy repetitive | C nwa | is mostly Ae as lame | ova | setfisn pwn. 9m Cutgbor _A_eerhamptes ¢ a Lange, | fraction of dumndne, —>~— zs ¢ often oce. bey | yepetitive ( fad eee ‘Gein exareeni' 9m ease. af ( plants & ample- 4 diams , vepetitive fequttn ces ! mae acenund, A do ohn | Qo of tee gerne, Om Pa Tee hap | of te V vebetitive A Vaeguomers tomes 0 to | imorvense 12 overate th gemorne Ae2e- he repetitive Aeguimees omen, ak fot tm& 9 qemerah, cramer © ony I ppclexatelyy wef: Wer. Beg ULES These ave — a presents én few __buwmdby 2 Keveval, A. U Spinat lade CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner te ob inl, wt | emnove Cin (a genome )_ = Hegnty rep ltitive Seg em ees | Store Vane Ca! Ie Sean frotenk 24) Verxe, U Laorae mneeernb Ons TC of t — miuionl — of 9 copies) Ym te oem Ea, Cofey I of b bignthy a U repetitive hegushte les retativell Sherk ( < ! foo bp) ; UL, ‘tem xe fpeatea m0 times Candemly in x ee thestens » Bee cf tes 0 uot, 7 writ , it is | hom etimes atso etm i KMrmrple sequence Divp- These. Sequemces ove bfitem Lakes. ated E Letevochrematic x dentitsaced they Chrome sommes & ny eee € eemtio- amvyer. Detection of vefetitive wh he fr ese ee of rebetitie DNA can be deteet ba toe, le pare omeftioel involving dottoly ing Sreoeecl wards: Ute | asprin les fant amatuer 8 comvertec? __imto fimate _)_ trometer —_ONA_— fog heating the Cneve bolution. fais __—- & Been eelcp t imereare in optical ___— empty ean, famominoly elf as prebooricit She" sotution | of 55DNA thus ll othaly Eioorans Bong them allowed to Coot, Alow oe 4 eet 4 beacieas aa’ CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner a, | Dat! Sh... of DNA yeassoctates faster, _incllicating | presence of U repetitive, DAA: 42°99 1003, =] | | ‘< [eee S ——__ Real , a & actovacbely ae x Body, te Bish / - vial CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner == es (31 ee A _ 4 F9SH ~ lsiwhenn teckel Dataacdinauked At detect te —srewene Ite. ONA eine ———= tim fh thot te = tee ONES wer P a ¢ howe Se semtban ase Sequemees. FISH -&s ctemibottg A based oo” Ce imei pte eat exploits Ae _abitity of Simete - __Stwometec)_' DNA 4 want fs we" combeementan, DNA: Gn case __of F9SH , tw | torged és tte mueteaw! pain of eitny Y emtevbnase SS ain oy metaphase U fie stage Ste! a AcLection of I bese. epee om a& A Combet Dwi | molecute is clone tag first + bipbrictiximg thy femow base Pn U Ut wh U brohes) te Combed? DNA AM ( matrin DNA oy target __—DNA). A Thu __-methool Complies of three hate A ef5_t fination of a | Apeetmen oom a 7 od, ibe, | stole , | bighneatina. tlm of Lobetled Fs obe to bomelsg 0s Lov aap ents of m — DNA, a ent tls fLrwresltont. ay Veeteetton of de taaged toloet bapovids: Pa a ee ae ims Kw teginiel pelion. a ae —_ Bea YO seshiion 43> ye yen i cs aire embodies! in & __spectat sopforcl 2 mectien tor Pe en ares seetion|s! mn ° Zeal favor: A arya eee a CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner a : _ Date svesLessufevses _ |___Olgonuctentiole Obes — hewé:, Sat pun C5 $s rot setae) monkey used _7acly Lo olsoto- because Lt5 A phigh _Lactivity tw _detect -s bramserepts feet ee Low ann unks: + > Lighrtclipa tion > —— hilt on emvolves mining, thy _ ‘ Amare, Syodef trobes t thy Lomatureol fA ta ot DN: Deratevatinn of the png a ethinect ba heating , ©! pehavates the two sands, gg Yat debs of tae Angie, oom forces b Uy respective L a Complement ong Combect Seabee Stromep. z) Followtang Y hagbovtoln ation the matertal is i wasted tw 4 v yernove- umboumel rote ov x paste ¢ bos Lechaty Lounel te | Confer fect = matecef beg UL COA - a Observation » U 4 Obsewation of the bagleretimect Keg tin ee, A & hone ustra cheklumbiconte miecrosto-fy A white Ught U fren lat soure lamp wl U fitted — Y b0 wot ont, tee retelant oO] wan elengths tox exeitation ot the fluerves- i.) emt, wil Lens yeah thy Adm pte- a me fioveseen, Laohes ave delectable j Using fy le frexrseemh ontenoseepe & onarrmtnne: ther i Loser I on & thy Labetreo oligenneleoted @ 1 a broke has hagbrioltr,ect one, advemkage of re V canes ts tat td wy LB mave, de forent, poles Com be wesundtnee ogee cope Lt tl aes ork } i ae Speral CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner Appuccarions an 7 F9Su 7) gemevatle, used Compliment. —— | crasical v Stairing technique ! oS _) % & subtte Ute enbomnosorne, | tof enttfication at | ™ etahias w ——S~ | ° Ht _& wre fork ™ Aw eval elimina | Aelita toV feterrm ime Aiea StAch | HO a towerfut team to chetent I = ase ful on gene ™ _ i Hts used! im preheater obi Lente chiaanpsts, | molweecbon oie CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner 
