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Molecular Diagnostics Study Guide: DNA Structure and Replication, Exams of Molecular biology

Western Governors University (WGU)Molecular biology

This study guide provides a comprehensive overview of dna structure and replication, covering key concepts such as nucleotide composition, base pairing, dna replication mechanisms, and the role of enzymes involved in the process. It includes multiple-choice questions with answers, making it a valuable resource for students studying molecular biology or related fields.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 12/18/2024

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MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS CHAPTER
1 STUDY GUIDE REVIEW WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS!..
DNA contains deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates joined together by what type of
covalent bond?
A. aldehyde
B. ester
C. phosphodiester
D. peptide - ANSWER-phosphodiester
What do phosphoiester bonds attach? - ANSWER-hydroxyl oxygen of one
phosphorylated ribose sugar to the phosphate phosphorous of the next
Nucleotides in DNA consist of which of the following?
A. nitrogen base, deoxyribose, phosphate
B. nitrogen base, ribose, sulfur
C. Carbon base, ribose, phosphate
D. carbon base, glucose, carboxyl - ANSWER-nitrogen base, deoxyribose, phosphate
What is a unit of nucleic acid? - ANSWER-nucleotides
How many nitrogen bases make up the majority of DNA found in organisms? -
ANSWER-four
What are the four nitrogen bases that make up the majority of DNA in all organisms? -
ANSWER-adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
In a double-stranded DNA molecule, base pairing of the two strands occurs between
A. a purine and a purine
B. a pyrimidine and a pyrimidine
C. a purine and a pyrimidine
D. Any type of nucleotide base - ANSWER-A purine and a pyrimidine
The nucleotides in single strand of DNA are held together by _________________
bonds between sugar and phosphate groups - ANSWER-phosphodiester
Which of the five ribose carbons of the deoxyribonucleotide are involved in formation of
the DNA chain?
A. 1' and 5'
B. 2' and 4'
C. 3' and 4'
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pf4
pf5
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Download Molecular Diagnostics Study Guide: DNA Structure and Replication and more Exams Molecular biology in PDF only on Docsity!

MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS CHAPTER

1 STUDY GUIDE REVIEW WITH

COMPLETE SOLUTIONS!..

DNA contains deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates joined together by what type of covalent bond? A. aldehyde B. ester C. phosphodiester D. peptide - ANSWER-phosphodiester What do phosphoiester bonds attach? - ANSWER-hydroxyl oxygen of one phosphorylated ribose sugar to the phosphate phosphorous of the next Nucleotides in DNA consist of which of the following? A. nitrogen base, deoxyribose, phosphate B. nitrogen base, ribose, sulfur C. Carbon base, ribose, phosphate D. carbon base, glucose, carboxyl - ANSWER-nitrogen base, deoxyribose, phosphate What is a unit of nucleic acid? - ANSWER-nucleotides How many nitrogen bases make up the majority of DNA found in organisms? - ANSWER-four What are the four nitrogen bases that make up the majority of DNA in all organisms? - ANSWER-adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine In a double-stranded DNA molecule, base pairing of the two strands occurs between A. a purine and a purine B. a pyrimidine and a pyrimidine C. a purine and a pyrimidine D. Any type of nucleotide base - ANSWER-A purine and a pyrimidine The nucleotides in single strand of DNA are held together by _________________ bonds between sugar and phosphate groups - ANSWER-phosphodiester Which of the five ribose carbons of the deoxyribonucleotide are involved in formation of the DNA chain? A. 1' and 5' B. 2' and 4' C. 3' and 4'

D. 3' and 5' - ANSWER-3' and 5' Which of the following is a purine? A. thymine B. cytosine C. adenine D. alanine - ANSWER-adenine Sequences that are not identical and are oriented in opposite directions are ; - ANSWER-homologous DNA sequences The term used to describe the arrangement of the individual strands in the double- stranded DNA molecule is: A. parallel B. antiparallel C. tangential D. divergent - ANSWER-antiparallel Nitrogen bases with a single ring structure (thymine, cytosine) are: - ANSWER- pyrimidines Nitrogen bases with a double ring structure (guanine, adenine) are: - ANSWER-purines What type of bonds spontaneously form between two complementary strands of DNA? A. hydrogen bonds B. covalent bods C. phosphodiester bonds D. polar covalent bonds - ANSWER-hydrogen bonds In a hydrogen bond, GUANINES in one chain form THREE hydrogen bonds with ________________ in the opposite chain. - ANSWER-cytosines In a hydrogen bond, adenines form TWO hydrogen bonds with what in the opposite chain: - ANSWER-thymines In DNA replication, the leading strand is the strand that has which orientation? - ANSWER-3' to 5' In DNA replication, the leading strand is the strand that proceeds in which manner? - ANSWER-continuous In a DNA molecule, the 5' end contains a free _________________ group. - ANSWER- phosphate In a DNA molecule, the 3' end contains a _________________ end - ANSWER- hydroxyl

Enzymes that recognize palindromic sequences of DNA, that are cut within the recognition sequence, that do not have methylating activity, and that are used frequently in the laboratory are which type of restriction enzymes? A. Type I B. Type II C. Type III D. Type IV - ANSWER-Type II Which of the following is a type II restriction enzyme recognition site? A. GAATTC B. GAATTG C. GAAAAG D. GATCAG - ANSWER-GAATTC Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that are produced by bacteria and__________________ A. degrade viral proteins B. digest DNA C. have no laboratory applications D. degrade lipids - ANSWER-digest DNA The function of endonucleases is to: - ANSWER-cut DNA within the double helix Which type of restriction enzyme has both nuclease and methylase in a single enzyme and bind to host specific DNA sites of 4 to 6 bp and contain methylated adenines A. Type I B. Type II C. Type III D. Type VI - ANSWER-Type I Large ribosomal subunit is prokaryotes - ANSWER-50S Large ribosomal subunit in eukaryotes - ANSWER-60S Messenger RNA (mRNA) is different from other types of RNA because mRNA has _____________________ - ANSWER-3' polyA tail Which of the following is involved in termination of transcription in eukaryotes? A. RNA polymersase B. Stigma C. Rho D. PolyA single - ANSWER-PolyA signal

Which of the following types of RNA is directly involved in removing introns from RNA in eukaryotes A. micro B. transfer C> small nuclear D. small interfering - ANSWER-Small nuclear The loop of transfer RNA that interacts with the codon on mRNA in translation is called: A. D loop B. TUC loop C. variable loop D. anticodon loop - ANSWER-anticodon loop Example of Type I restriction enzyme:` - ANSWER-EcoK from E. coli K 12 Restriction endonuclease are enzymes that are produced by bacteria and what else? - ANSWER-Archae In sexual recombination, new combinations of genes are created by which: A. transduction B. crossing over C. conjugation D. transformtion - ANSWER-crossing over Recombination between a plasmid and the cel chromosome will result in: A. Rapid degradation of the chromosome B. death of the cell C. immediate cellular replication D. stable integration - ANSWER-Stable integration The movement of DNA from one bacterium to another through the activity of bacteriophages is called: A. conjugation B. transformation C. Transduction D. crossing over - ANSWER-Transduction In an RNA molecule, adenine always base-pairs with: A. thymine B. cytosine C. uracil D. guanine - ANSWER-Uracil Synthesis of RNA guided by a DNA template is: A. Translation B. DNA replication

D. are polymers of four different nucleotide bases - ANSWER-are polymers of four different nucleotide bases Which of the following are kept and reconnected in mRNA after splicing? A. exon B. intron C. cap D. polyA tail - ANSWER-exon Which of the following describes the general structure of an amino acid? A. polymer of molecules bound together by a peptide bond B. planar carbon-nitrogen ring wit deoxyribose sugar C. central carbon with carboxyl group, amino group, hydrogen, and a side chain D. Pentose sugar bound to phosphate and purine or pyrimidine base - ANSWER- Central carbon with carboxyl group, amino group, hydrogen, and a side chain The sequence of amino acids in a protein constitutes which level of protein structure? A. secondary B. quarternary C. primary d. tertiary - ANSWER-Primary What are the two types of secondary structure found in proteins? - ANSWER-B pleated sheet, a helix Alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets are what level of protein structure? A. primary B. secondary C. tertiary D. quaternary - ANSWER-Secondary What is the secondary structure of a protein? - ANSWER-the repeating pattern folding between regions The __________________ structure of a polypeptide is the repeating pattern of folding stabilized by hydrogen bonds - ANSWER-secondary Denaturation of a protein results in what effect? A. activation of protein activity B. loss of tertiary structure and protein function C. no effect D. alteration of amino acid and sequence - ANSWER-Loss of tertiary structure and protein function A protein that has lost its tertiary structure is called_____________ - ANSWER- denatured

A protein whose highest level of structure is tertiary structure contains: - ANSWER-one polypeptide folded onto its three-dimensional structure The three dimensional shape of a polypeptide is the ___________________ structure - ANSWER-tertiary The process of separating the 2 DNA strands in to 2 single strands is called: A. denaturation B. bidirectional C. depolymerization D. synthesis - ANSWER-Denaturation Protein structure characterized by the combination of different proteins that all together are required for protein functions is which level of protein structure? A. primary B. secondary C. tertiary D. Quarternary - ANSWER-Quarternary The fundamental physical and functional unit of inheritance that encodes a functional product is a: - ANSWER-Gene All but 2 amino acids are encoded by more than one codon thus making the genetic code: A. error-prone B. Random C. redundant D. denatured - ANSWER-Redundant The genetic code consist of a sequence of __________ nucleotides - ANSWER-three In bacteria, the genetic material is located in a region of the cytoplasm called the - ANSWER-nucleoid The set of nucleotides in mRNA that encode for an amino acid is called a - ANSWER- codon Transfer RNA is different from other types of RNA because transfer RNA has A. a 3' polyA tail B. introns and exons C. a 3' methylated cap D. anticodons - ANSWER-anticodons The codons that do not code for an amino acid and terminate protein synthesis are what kind of codon?