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MOORE’S CLINICALLY ORIENTED ANATOMY
EXAM SCRIPT 2026 EXAM PREP
◉ method of studying the body's structure by focusing attention on a specific part examining the arrangement and relationships of the various systemic structures within it. Answer: Regional Anatomy ◉ recognizes the body's organization by layers: skin, subcutaneous tissue, and deep fascia cov- ering the deeper structures of muscles, skeleton, and cavi- ties, which contain viscera (internal organs). Answer: Regional anatomy ◉ the examination of structures of the human body that can be seen without a microscope. Answer: gross anatomy ◉ provides information about structures that may be observed or palpated beneath the skin (palpable) in the living body at rest and in action. Answer: surface anatomy ◉ clinical technique, used with observation and listening for examining the body. Answer: Palpation
◉ clinical application of surface anatomy. Answer: physical examination ◉ - palpation
- observation
- listening. Answer: three techniques for examining the body: ◉ study of the body's organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions.. Answer: systemic anatomy ◉ provides useful information about normal structures in living individuals, dem- onstrating the effect of muscle tone, body fluids and pressures, and gravity that cadaveric study does not. Answer: Radiographic and sectional imaging (radiographic anatomy) ◉ Diagnostic radiology. Answer: reveals the effects of trauma, pathology, and aging on normal structures ◉ Head, neck, thorax, back, abdomen, pelvis or perineum, upper n lower limb. Answer: Major parts of the body ◉ distinguished Scottish anatomist and obstetrician, stated "Dissection alone teaches us where we may cut or inspect the living
◉ run lengthwise or parallel to the long axis of the body. Answer: longitudinal sections ◉ cross sections, are slices of the body or its parts that are cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body or of any of its parts. Answer: transverse sections ◉ slices of the body or any of its parts that are not cut along the previously listed anatomical planes. Answer: oblique sections ◉ structure that is nearer to the vertex, or top of the head ex: the heart is ___ to the stomach. Answer: superior ◉ structure that is situated nearer the sole of the foot ex: the stomach is ___________ to the heart. Answer: inferior ◉ toward the feet or tail region. Answer: caudal ◉ denotes the back surface of the body ex: the heel is _____ to the toes. Answer: posterior (dorsal) ◉ denotes the front surface of the body
ex: the toes are ____ to the ankle. Answer: anterior (ventral) ◉ indicates that a structure is nearer to the median plane of the body ex: the fifth digit (pinky) of the hand is medial to the other digits. Answer: medial ◉ structure that is farther away from the median plane ex: the first digit of the hand (thumb) is lateral to the other digits.. Answer: lateral ◉ often used instead of anterior when describing parts of the brain ex: the frontal lobe of the brain is rostral to the cerebellum. Answer: rostral ◉ - usually refers to the superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body
- ex: tongue, nose, penis, or foot
- also describes posterior surface of the hand. Answer: dorsum ◉ anterior surface of the hand. Answer: palm ◉ inferior aspect or bottom of the foot
◉ nearer to the attachment of a limb ex: the elbow is ____ to the wrist. Answer: proximal ◉ farther away from the attachment of a limb ex: the wrist is ___ to the elbow. Answer: distal ◉ something occurring on the same side of the body as another structure. Answer: ipsilateral ◉ occurring on the opposite side of the body relative to another structure ex: the right hand it _____________ to the left hand. Answer: contralateral ◉ sole = inferior foot surface dorsum = superior foot surface. Answer: plantar vs dorsal ◉ palm = anterior hand dorsum = posterior hand. Answer: palmar vs. dorsal ◉ bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body
- typically involves movement in the anterior direction. Answer: flexion ◉ straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body
- usually occurs in a posterior direction. Answer: extension ◉ flexion at the ankle joint, as occurs when walking uphill. Answer: dorsiflexion ◉ moving away from the median plane ex: when moving an upper limb laterally away from the side of the body. Answer: abduction ◉ moving toward the median plane. Answer: adduction ◉ circular movement that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in such a way that the distal end of the part moves in a circle. Answer: circumduction ◉ involves turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis ex: turning one's head to face sideways. Answer: rotation
◉ movement posteriorly (backward), as in retruding the mandible, lips or tongue. Answer: retrusion ◉ raises or moves a part superiorly. Answer: elevation ◉ lowers or moves a part inferiorly. Answer: depression ◉ - protection
- containment
- heat regulation
- sensation
- synthesis and storage of vitamin D. Answer: 5 things the skin provides us: ◉ - largest organ. Answer: skin ◉ - epidermis
- dermis
- subcutaneous. Answer: three layers of the skin: ◉ - keratinized epithelium--> has a tough, horny, superficial layer that provides a protective outer surface overlying its regenerative and pigmented deep or basal layer.
- has no blood vessels or lymphatics. Answer: epidermis ◉ dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers--> these fibers provide skin tone and account for the strength and toughness of skin
- vascular
- the predominant pattern of collagen fibers determines the characteristic tension and wrinkly lines in the skin. Answer: dermis ◉ - relating to the predominant direction of collagen fibers in the skin, that have implications for surgery and wound healing
- tend to spiral longitudinally in the limbs and run transversely in the neck and trunk. Answer: tension lines or langer lines or cleavage lines ◉ contraction of this erects the hairs, causing goose bumps. Answer: arrector muscles of hairs ◉ composed mostly of loose connective tissue and stored fat and contains sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves. Answer: subcutaneous tissue ◉ numerous small fibrous bands, extend through the subcutaneous tissue and attach the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia. Answer: skin ligaments
◉. Answer: subcutaneous bursae ◉ - occur in the subcutaneous tissue between the skin and bony prominences, such as the elbow or knee. Answer: subfascial bursase ◉ facilitate the movement of tendons over bone. Answer: subtendinous bursae ◉ are specialized type of elongated bursae that wrap around tendons, usually enclosing them as they traverse osseofibrous tunnels that anchor the tendons in place. Answer: synovial tendon sheath ◉ - hair
- nails. Answer: what are some skin appendages? ◉ - cuticle
- lunula
- sulcus (side of finger)
- nail fold
- free margin (tip of nail)
- nail plate
- nail bed (under nail plate)
- papillary ridges (attachment to nail plate)
- root & matrix (where the nail grows from)
- mantle. Answer: Parts of the nail: ◉ - the nail plate is formed by the cells of the matrix and extruded distally to the free margin where the plate separates from the nail bed. The lunula marks the extent of the matrix under the nail plate.. Answer: fingernail anatomy: ◉ - keratinized structure
- produced from nail matrix
- attached to nail bed
- covered by nail folds proximally & laterally. At tip, separates at the hyponychium. Answer: nail plate ◉ - covers proximal nail plate, is firmly attached to it, and forms the cuticle. Answer: proximal nail fold ◉ - visible portion is the lunula, a whitish, half-moon shaped area of the proximal nail
- nail plate loosely attached to the epithelium over this area
- forms the nail plate (nail matrix keratinocytes). Answer: nail matrix
- irregular (deep fascia - dense organized CT layer). Answer: two types of dense fascia: ◉ - subcutaneous. Answer: What layer is loose (areolar) fascia found? ◉ - divides into compartments, keeps muscles in place
- deep fascia
- trauma can occur when muscles get into the wrong "compartments" and cause pressure types:
- circumferential (outer)
- investing
- interosseous membrane
- neurovascular sheath
- inter-muscular septum. Answer: fascial planes ◉ 206. Answer: how many bones in the adult body? ◉ - axial skeleton
- appendicular skeleton. Answer: what are the 2 functional sections of the skeletal system?
◉ - head, neck & trunk. Answer: axial skeleton ◉ - bones of the limbs. Answer: appendicular skeleton ◉ cartilage
- semirigid CT- provides more flexibility than bone; covers articular surfaces of bones bone
- hard form of CT, composing majority of the skeleton
- both bone and cartilage are covered with fibrous CT. Answer: skeleton is composed of: ◉ - resilient, semirigid form of CT that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is required
- ex: where the costal cartilages attach the ribs to the sternum. Answer: cartilage ◉ - joints are capped with this type of cartilage to provide smooth, low friction, gliding surfaces for free movement. Answer: articular cartilage
◉ - long (humerus)
- short (tarsus & carpus)
- flat (cranium)
- irregular (face)
- sesamoid (patella). Answer: classification of bones: bones are classified according to their shape: ◉ appear wherever tendons, ligaments, and fascias are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones. Answer: bone markings ◉ - bone marking
- small, round, articular head
- ex: __________________ of the humerus. Answer: capitulum ◉ - bone marking
- rounded, knuckle-like articular area, often occurring in pairs
- ex: lateral and medial femoral ____________. Answer: condyle ◉ - bone marking
- ridge of bone
- ex: the iliac ____________. Answer: crest ◉ - bone marking
- eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle
- ex: lateral ____________ of the humerus. Answer: epicondyle ◉ - bone marking
- smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone
- ex: superior costal ___________ on the body of a vertebrae for articulation with a rib. Answer: facet ◉ - bone marking
- hollow or depressed area
- ex: infraspinous ______ of the scapula. Answer: fossa ◉ - bone marking
- passage through a bone
- ex: obturator ___________. Answer: foramen ◉ - bone marking
- elongated depression or furrow. Answer: groove
