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Date: 25/02/ Day: Thursday Department of English and Applied Linguistics University of Peshawar BS English 3rd^ Semester Batch-II Final Term Online Exam (Subject) Name: Talha Khan Time allowed: 24 hours Fatherâs name: Qamar Zaman Marks: 50 Roll No: 15 (Morning) Reappearing Note: A. Answers should be typed in the same attachment. B. After attempting the questions, this attachment should be emailed to; The concerned teacher on their ID as mentioned in the exam date sheet. The same email should be CC to the BS coordinator on [email protected] Q No 1: Define Syntax and label the constituent phrases in the following sentences: a. The people in the room will move the desk in the hall. b. The mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon. c. Everybody know that she is a superb administrator. d. We will play football today. e. The farmer is feeding the duckling. Answer: Syntax: It is the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. Syntax is the grammatical structure of sentences. The format in which words and phrases are arranged to create sentences is called syntax. ďˇ The boy jumped happily. ďˇ The boy happily jumped. ďˇ Happily, the boy jumped. By rearranging just one word in the sentence, a varied syntax is formed. Each is grammatically correct and acceptable English language form. A writer will vary sentence syntax to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a particular point. Words and phrases must follow English rules for correct arrangement and coherent sentences.
Q No 2: Write a brief note on clause and its types. Answer: A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a predicate. And it should be functioning as a member of complex or compound sentence. A clause refers to a group of words within the sentence or itself as an independent sentence. Clause and phrase covers everything a sentence has. Clauses are the center of sentences whereas phrases strengthen a sentence. Phrases are the bricks of a building while clauses are the pillars. A phrase is always present within a clause but a phrase cannot have a clause within it. A clause consists of a finite verb within it. It consists of one subject and one verb. The subject of the clause can be mentioned or hidden but the verb must be distinguishable and apparent. A clause conveys a complete thought. Example: He is a wise man. (Clause) I read the whole story (clause). Usama wants to buy a new pair of shoes, but he does not have money. (Two clause sentence) These are examples of clauses which gives us a complete meaning. TYPES OF CLAUSES: 1) Main clause (independent clause) 2) Sub-ordinate clause (dependent clause) 1) MAIN CLAUSE: It is a clause that expresses a complete thought or idea and can stand as sentence. It is also called as independent clause because it can stand alone and covey a complete thought. It makes a meaningful sentence and looks much like a regular sentence. Coordinators: The independent clause can be connected by coordinators such as âand, but orâ Examples:
- He was eating a sandwich (one independent clause)
- I want to buy a new car, but I donât have enough money. 2) SUB-ORDINATE CLAUSE: Sub-ordinate clause cannot function on its own because then it leaves the idea or thought incomplete. It is dependent clause, and it cannot stand alone. In order to complete the idea of the sentence it depends on other sentence. Subordinators: The subordinators do the work of connecting the dependent clause to another clause to complete the sentence. Example: He stayed at home for few hours. The teacher asked a question but no one answered Independent clause + dependent clause Types: Subordinate clause is further divided into two types: Nominal subordinate clause: A nominal clause is a group of words with a conjugated verb in it that acts as noun. This clause functions as noun clause. Subordinating conjunctions: Nominal clause starts with words like: That, whether, when. Example:
The fact that you visited me, shows your interest in good writing. (Nominal clause acting as the subject of the sentence) ii) Relative subordinate clause: A relative clause is one connected to main clause by a word such as which, whom, that, when. It is an adjective clause that describes noun. Example: She wants to be with her mother, who is best to take care of her. (Main clause + relative clause) _________________________________________________________________________________ Q No 3: Discuss phrase and its different types in detail as basic constituent part of a sentence. Answer: Phrase A phrase is a grammatical term referring to a group of words that does not include a subject and verb. A phrase is a group (or pairing) of words in English. It can be short or long, but it does not include the subject-verb pairing necessary to make a clause. Or we can say that a phrase is a group of words that express a concept and is used as a unit within a sentence. It is to be noted that when a group of words contains a subject doing an action (subject-verb), it becomes a clause. Examples: After the meal that mom prepared I felt full. Walking in the rain can be difficult. I built a beautiful home. In the above sentences the underlined portion is called a phrase. It doesnât have subject-verb combination and has no meaning if used alone. **Types of phrases:
- Noun phrase:** A phrase that acts like a noun in a sentence is called a noun phrase. It contains a noun and other associated words that modifies the noun. Example: i) A woman in the window shouted for help. Here âwomanâ is noun and âin the windowâ is just describing noun. ii) She bought a decent black shirt. âDecent black shirtâ is noun phrase which describes the shirt which is noun. 2) Verb phrase: A verb phrase is a group of main verb and helping verb within a sentence. For example: i) She has finished her work. âHas finishedâ is verb phrase as âfinishedâ is a main verb here and âhasâ is the helping verb. ii) You should study for the exam. âShould studyâ is the verb phrase, âstudyâ is the main verb and âshouldâ is the helping verb here. 3) Prepositional phrase: When one or more words work together to give information about the preposition in a sentence, the phrase is called a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase informs about time, location, possession, or condition. Example: i) He is sleeping on the carpet. Here, âonâ is the preposition while âon the carpetâ is a whole prepositional phrase. ii) He always speaks in loud voice. âIn loud voiceâ is the prepositional phrase where âinâ is a preposition. 4) Adverbial phrase:
These words cannot be divided furthermore and can stand alone by their own. The free morphemes can be identified as a set if separate English words such as basic nouns, adjectives and verbs. Free morphemes are further divided into two sub types: I) Lexical: Lexical morphemes are forms like boy, write, paper, table, chair and pen. Lexical morphemes are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. They have more or less independent meaning, so that one or a series of lexical forms in isolation can be fairly meaningful. Lexical morphemes are very large in a language. Lexical morphemes are included in open class, because new words are added to it day by day. II) Grammatical: Grammatical morphemes are elements like prepositions, articles, conjunctions, form indicating number, gender or tense and so on. Grammatical morphemes are forms like some, with, an, a,the, to etc. Grammatical morphemes are included in closed class, because no new words are added to it. 2) Bound Morphemes: âThose morphemes that cannot stand alone, and requires the presence of other morphemes to make a word is known as bound morphemesâ Examples:
. âedâ in the words killed, walked and typed. . âsâ in the words dogs, books and shoes. . ânessâ in the words forgiveness, laziness and shyness. Types of Bound Morphemes: There are two types of bound morphemes. I) Derivational Morphemes: âThose morphemes which are added to the root or stem words to derive a new word with a new meaning are known as derivational morphemesâ. -It can change the lexical category of a word. -It can change the meaning or for of word. -It has the ability to change the grammatical function of a word. -It is used both as suffixes (attached at the end of a base word) and prefixes (attached at the beginning of a base word). Examples: Kind is an adjective, if we add a suffix ness with it, it will be kindness then, and its meaning also get changed. Kind-kindness (Adjective) - (Noun) The grammatical class of the word changes from adjective to noun. -Beauty is a noun, by adding âfulâ to it, it changes into an adjective beautiful. -Teach is a verb, by adding âerâ to it, it changes into a noun teacher. Other examples are; Good-Goodness Mad- Madness Move-Movement Achieve-Achievement II) Inflectional Morphemes: âThose morphemes that indicate aspects of grammatical function are known as Inflectional morphemesâ. It does not change meaning or grammatical function of a word. These morphemes are used with the root word but they do not produce any new word or class, rather they indicate the aspect of
grammatical function of the word. It carries carry grammatical information. It does not change the meaning of words; in which they occur neither do they change their parts of speech. In fact they tell us about the forms. Different forms of Inflectional morphemes: Inflectional morphemes appear in eight different forms, which are as follow; a) Plurality: (s) It is an indicator of a plural form of singular noun. Examples: When we add âsâ to a singular noun. Like: Books, plates, chairs, etc. b) Possession: (âs) It marks the possessive form of nouns. It shows the possession of something. Examples: Boyâs section, Aleenaâs pen, Girlâs room, Ahmarâs car etc. c) 3rd Person Singular: (s/es) It is attached to verbs in 3rd person singular. Examples: She reads the book. He plays cricket. He takes tea. Verbs: d) Past Tense: (ed)-It is an indicator of the past tense. It shows past tense. Examples: Looked, watched, played, walked etc. e) Present Participle: (ing)-It marks present participle. Examples: Reciting, falling, learning, dropping typing, praying etc f) Past participle: (ed, en)-It marks past participle. Examples:
- Signed, typed, stayed, worried, started, tied, abrogated etc
- Driven, fallen, beaten, eaten, hidden, given etc. g) Comparative Degree: (er)-It is attached to adjective to show the comparative degree of adjective. Examples: Dirtier, older, stranger, fatter, uglier. h) Superlative Degree: (est)-It indicates the superlative form of degree of an adjective. Examples: Dirtiest, oldest, strangest, fattest, ugliest etc. _________________________________________________________________________________ Q No 5: (A) Draw the morphological tree diagrams of the following words. ďˇ Disappearance ďˇ Interference ďˇ Microorganism ďˇ Independently ďˇ Unproductively
Adjective noun Micro organism Noun suffix Organ ism iv. Independently Adverb Adjective suffix Independent ly v. Un-productively Adverb Adjective ly Unproductive suffix Prefix adjective Un productive Noun suffix
Product ive (B) Write a brief note on any two of the following:
- Recursion: Recursion is the possibility of repeatedly re-using the same construction. So, that there is no fix limit to the length of sentence. OR It is a rule of grammar in which we can put sentence or phrases inside other sentences or it may also be defining as the repeated application of a rule in generating structure in a language. Recursion can be both of a phrase and sentence. When we add something to a sentence, write another word which we need to know is known as recursion. It is the possibility of repeatedly reusing the same construction. So, there is no fixed limit to the length of the sentence. Recursion can be described simply as the ability to place on component of the same kind. The crucial point that makes syntax recursive is that constituent types and that a constituent can contain another constituent of the same type, and actually that it gives language the amazing property that you can make an infinite number of sentences from a finite number of words and a finite number ways of combining them. E.g. the book is on the table, this phrase may elongate to an infinite number of sentences. For example:
- The book is on the table, which is a novel, that I bought yesterday, which is expensive, and is written by Pakistani writer.
- Today I received a paper of morphology, i discussed this paper with my friends, and then i attempt it on a clean paper, after this i send it to the teacher. Here, in this example we can add and add to the sentence, using the same structure again and again. 2. Structural ambiguity Structural ambiguity, also known as syntactic ambiguity, occurs when a phrase or sentence has more than one underlying structure. Such a sentence can be interpreted in more than one way. The intended meaning of a syntactically ambiguous phrase can generallyâalthough not alwaysâbe determined by the context of its use. Linguistic ambiguity makes it difficult for a human to determine meaning unless further information is available that clarifies the context. Some structural ambiguity is the result of writing errors, such as
misplaced modifiers. The term structural ambiguity is often contrasted with lexical (word-related)
ambiguity, which often arises because words can have multiple meanings. Both are examples of linguistic ambiguity, which also results from other things including figurative language and vagueness. Given below are some examples of structural ambiguity. ďˇ Marcy got the bath ready for her daughter wearing a pink tutu. Was Marcy wearing the tutu? Or was her daughter? ďˇ Well, Iâve certainly never tasted chicken cooked that way before! Was the chicken good or bad?
