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Morphology in Plants, Study notes of Botany

Botany

A detailed overview of plant morphology, covering the key structures and functions of the various parts of flowering plants, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. It delves into the classification and modifications of these plant organs, highlighting their adaptations and specialized roles. The information presented is essential for understanding plant identification, growth, and development, as well as the impact of environmental factors on plant morphology. This comprehensive coverage of plant morphology would be valuable for students and researchers in the fields of botany, horticulture, and agricultural sciences, providing a solid foundation for further study and research.

Typology: Study notes

2023/2024

Available from 09/20/2024

priyanshu-kumar-sharma
priyanshu-kumar-sharma 🇺🇸

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Morphology in plants
Morphology is the branch of biological science that deals with the study of form,
size, colour, structure and relative position of various parts of organisms.
Importance of morphology-
1. Knowledge of morphology is essential for recognition or identification
of plants.
2. It gives information about the range of variations found in species.
3. Deficiency and toxicity symptoms are morphological changes that
occur in response to shortage or excess of minerals.
Parts of Flowering Plants–
• All the flowering plants have roots, stem, leaves, flower and fruits. The
underground parts of flowering plant are the root system and the
portion above the ground forms the shoot system.
The Root
• In Dicotyledons, elongation of radicle forms the primary roots which
bears lateral roots of several orders called secondary roots, tertiary
roots, etc.
Primary roots along with lateral roots forms the Tap root system.
Example: Mustard, Gram, etc.
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Morphology in plants

Morphology is the branch of biological science that deals with the study of form, size, colour, structure and relative position of various parts of organisms. Importance of morphology-

  1. Knowledge of morphology is essential for recognition or identification of plants.
  2. It gives information about the range of variations found in species.
  3. Deficiency and toxicity symptoms are morphological changes that occur in response to shortage or excess of minerals. Parts of Flowering Plants –
  • All the flowering plants have roots, stem, leaves, flower and fruits. The underground parts of flowering plant are the root system and the portion above the ground forms the shoot system. The Root
  • In Dicotyledons, elongation of radicle forms the primary roots which bears lateral roots of several orders called secondary roots, tertiary roots, etc. Primary roots along with lateral roots forms the Tap root system. Example: Mustard, Gram, etc.
  • In monocotyledons, primary root is replaced by large number of roots at its base of stem to constitute the Fibrous root system. Wheat, rice etc.
  • The roots that arise from other parts of plant beside radicle are called adventitious roots. Example- Grass, Banyan tree, Maize, etc.
  • The main function of root system are absorption of water and minerals from soil, providing proper anchorage to the plant parts and storing reserve food materials. Regions of Roots –
  • The apex of root is covered by a thimble like structure called root cap , it protect the tender apex of root while making way through soil.
  • Above the root cap is region of meristematic activity having small cells with dense cytoplasm.
  • The part above the region of meristematic activity is region of elongation where cells under go elongation and enlargement to increase the length of root.
  • Region of maturation contain root hairs that help in absorption of water and minerals. Modification of roots- Roots are modified for storage, nitrogen fixation, aeration and support.
  • Tap root of carrot, turnip and adventitious root of sweet potato get swollen to store food.
  • Prop root of Banyan and Stilt root of maize and sugarcane have supporting root coming out from lower node of stems.
  • In Rhizophora, Pneumatophores help to get oxygen for respiration as it grows in swampy areas.
  • Leaves originate from shoot apical meristem and are arranged in an acropetal order.
  • A typical leaf consists of three parts- Leaf base, Petiole, Lamina. Leaf is attached with stem by Leaf Base which may bear two small leaf like structure called stipule.
  • Middle prominent vein is called mid vein. Veins provide rigidity to the leaf blade and act as channel for transport of water and minerals.
  • The arrangement of vein and veinlets in the lamina is called venation. Reticulate venation Parallel venation
  1. Veinlets form a network.
  2. Veins are irregularly distributed.
  3. It is present in all Dicotyledons like Gram, Pea, Beans and Mango etc.
  4. A network is absent.
  5. Veins are parallel to one another.
  6. It is present in Monocotyledons like Grass, Banana, Rice, etc.
  • A leaf having a single or undivided lamina is called Simple leaf. The incisions do not touch the mid rib. Example- Mango, Guava etc.
  • When the incision of lamina reach up to the midrib and breaking it into a number of leaflets, it is called Compound leaves.
  • In a Pinnately compound leaves , a number of leaflets are present on common axis called rachis. Example- Neem.
  • In Palmately compound leaves , the leaflets are attached at common point. Example- Silk cotton.
  • The pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch is called Phyllotaxy.
  • In alternate type of phyllotaxy single leaf arise at each node as in China rose.
  • In opposite types of phyllotaxy a pair of leaves arise from each node opposite to each other as in Guava.
  • If more than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl is called whorled type of phyllotaxy as in Alstonia.
  • Leaves are modified to perform other functions like converted to tendril for climbing as in Peas and spines for defence in Cactus. Inflorescence The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is termed as inflorescence. Two main types of inflorescence are racemose and cymose. Racemose Cymose
  1. The main axis continuous to grow.
  2. Flowers are borne laterally in an acropetal succession.
  3. Example- Radish, Mustard.
  4. Main axis terminates in flower having limited growth.
  5. Flowers are borne in a basipetal succession.
  6. Example- Jasmine, Bougainvillea. The flower
  • Flower is the reproductive part of angiospermic plants for sexual means of reproduction.
  • A typical flower has four whorls arranged on a swollen end of stalk or pedicel called thalamus. They are Calyx, Corolla, Androecium and Gynoecium.
  • When a flower has both androecium and gynoecium, the flower is called bisexual and flower having either androecium or gynoecium only is called unisexual.
  • When flower can be divided into two equal radial halves in any radii passing through center the symmetry of flower is called actinomorphic (radial symmetry) as in Mustard, Datura, and Chili.
  • When flower can be divided into two similar parts only in one vertical plane it is zygomorphic as in Pea, Gulmohar, Cassia etc.
  • When Floral appendages are in multiple of 3,4 or 5 they are called trimerous, tetramerous and p entamerous respectively. Flower with bracts are called bracteates and without it ebracteate.
  • Androecium represent the male reproductive parts of flower, consists of stamens. Each stamen consists of filament and anther. Pollen grains are produced in pollen sac. Sterile stamen is called Stemenode.
  • When stamens are attached with petals it is called epipetalous (Brinjal). Stamen may be free (polyandrous) or may be united in one bundle (monoadelphous), two bundles (diadelphous), more than two (polyadelphous). The Gynoecium
  • Female reproductive part of flower consists of one or more carpels. Each carpel is made up of stigma style and ovary.
  • When more than one carpel is present, it may be free ( apocarpous ) as in lotus and rose or fused together ( syncarpous ) as in mustard and tomato.
  • After fertilisation, ovules change into seeds and ovary mature into fruits. Placentation
  • The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is called placentation. The fruit
  • Mature and ripened ovary developed after fertilisation is fruit. If a fruit is formed without fertilisation of ovary it is called parthenocarpic fruit.
  • Fruit consists of seeds and pericarp. Thick and fleshy pericarp is three layered called epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp.
  • Dicotyledonous Seed is made up of a seed coat and an embryo. Embryo is made up of embryonal axis, radicle and cotyledons.
  • Seed coat has two layers outer testa and inner tegmen. Hilum is scar through which seed is attached to the ovary. Small pore above the hilum is called micropyle.

Monocotyledonous seeds

  • In monocotyledonous seed, outer covering of endosperm separate the embryo by a proteinous layer called aleurone layer.
  • Single cotyledon is called as scutellum having a short axis bearing Plumule and radicle.
  • Plumule and radicle are closed inside sheaths called as coleoptile and coleorhiza respectively. SEMI - TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF A TYPICAL FLOWERING PLANT The plant is described beginning with its habit, vegetative characters – roots, stem and leaves and then floral characters inflorescence and flower parts. The floral formula is represented by some symbols. In the floral formula, Br stands for bracteate K stands for calyx , C for corolla, P for perianth, A for androecium and G for Gynoecium. Fusion is indicated by enclosing the figure within bracket and adhesion by a line drawn above the symbols of the floral parts. Family Fabaceae-
  • This family was earlier known as Papilionoideae. Herbs, shrubs or tree root with root nodules. Pinnately compound leaves with reticulate venation.

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