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Most Important Lectures Notes, Lecture notes of International Economic Law

Purbanchal University International Economic Law

Civil Engineering Note of Earthquakes Engineering

Typology: Lecture notes

2022/2023

Uploaded on 10/31/2023

prakash-lama 🇳🇵

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General

Morgan Engineering & Management College

Some Terminologies

ADB Asian Development Bank

EA Environmental Assessment

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EPA Environmental Protection Act

EPM Environmental Protection Measures

EPR Environmental Protection Regulation

MOEWRI Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation

MOFE Ministry of Forest and Environment

UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

NEPAP Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan

MOHP Ministry of Health and Population

MOWSS Ministry of Water Supply

NEPA National Environment Protection Act

SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment

SWM Solid Waste Management

ToR Terms of References

UN United Nations

UNEP United Nations Environment Program

WHO World Health Organization

WW Waste Water

Discover Lecture notes of International Economic Law Purbanchal University

Partial preview of the text

Download Most Important Lectures Notes and more Lecture notes International Economic Law in PDF only on Docsity!

General

Morgan Engineering & Management College Some Terminologies ADB Asian Development Bank EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EPA Environmental Protection Act EPM Environmental Protection Measures EPR Environmental Protection Regulation MOEWRI Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation MOFE Ministry of Forest and Environment UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development NEPAP Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan MOHP Ministry of Health and Population MOWSS Ministry of Water Supply NEPA National Environment Protection Act SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SWM Solid Waste Management ToR Terms of References UN United Nations UNEP United Nations Environment Program WHO World Health Organization WW Waste Water

Emergence of EIA

Morgan Engineering & Management College 2

The development is carried out to provide services ‐ to improve quality of life.
World is continuously implementing several development projects to fulfill the basic needs of a growing population.
However, the major development initiatives that took place in the past were not considered adequately from an environmental perspective.
As a result, development projects implemented to improve quality of life have sometimes created environmental problems such as flooding, erosion, landslides, deforestation, desertification, pollution etc.
In many cases, such adverse effects have negated due to fulfill objectives of the development projects.
Therefore, conservationist demanded for protection of natural resources to maximize the long‐term benefit and sustained yield.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) emerged as a response to the concern expressed by the environmental movements of 1960 s.
These movements focused attention on the interactions between development actions and their environmental consequences.

1.1 Impact of civil engineering development projects on environment

Morgan Engineering & Management College

Civil engineering development projects can have both positive and

negative impacts on the environment.

While these projects are essential for improving infrastructure and quality

of life, they can also lead to environmental challenges.

Positive Impacts: 1.Improved Infrastructure 2.Renewable Energy Generation 3.Economic Growth 4.Disaster Resilience 5.Ecosystem Restoration Negative Impacts: 1.Habitat Destruction 2.Air and Water Pollution 3.Deforestation and Land Degradation 4.Waste Generation 5.Climate Change Impact 6.Traffic Congestion 7.Water Management Issues 8.Aesthetic and Cultural Impact

1.1 Impact of civil engineering development projects on environment

Morgan Engineering & Management College

Positive Impacts:

1.Improved Infrastructure: Civil engineering projects, such as the construction

of roads, bridges, and water supply systems, contribute to better transportation

networks, access to clean water, and improved living conditions for

communities.

2.Renewable Energy Generation: Projects involving the construction of

renewable energy sources, such as wind farms or solar power plants, contribute

to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.

3.Economic Growth: Infrastructure development can stimulate economic

growth by creating jobs, attracting investments, and supporting local industries.

1.1 Impact of civil engineering development projects on environment

Morgan Engineering & Management College

Negative Impacts:

1.Habitat Destruction: Construction activities can lead to the destruction

of natural habitats, including forests, wetlands, and wildlife habitats,

which can disrupt ecosystems and threaten biodiversity.

2.Air and Water Pollution: Construction activities can generate dust,

noise, and pollutants that degrade air and water quality, potentially

harming human health and aquatic life.

3.Deforestation and Land Degradation: Clearing land for construction

can result in deforestation and soil erosion, leading to loss of vegetation,

increased runoff, and reduced soil fertility.

1.1 Impact of civil engineering development projects on environment

Morgan Engineering & Management College

4. Waste Generation: Construction generates significant amounts

of waste, including construction debris and hazardous materials,

which can strain waste management systems and contribute to

pollution.

5. Climate Change Impact: Energy-intensive construction

processes and increased urbanization can contribute to higher

carbon emissions, exacerbating climate change.

6. Traffic Congestion: Urban development and road construction

can lead to increased traffic congestion, which in turn contributes

to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

1.2 Environment Impact Assessment

Morgan Engineering & Management College

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process used to

systematically evaluate the potential environmental, social, and economic

impacts of proposed projects, policies, or activities before they are carried

out.

The main purpose of EIA is to ensure that development activities are

planned and executed in a way that minimizes negative environmental

effects and maximizes positive outcomes.

Environmental Impact Assessment is a critical tool for promoting

responsible and sustainable development while safeguarding the

environment and the well-being of communities.

1.2 Environment Impact Assessment

Morgan Engineering & Management College

EIA Definition as per EPA1997/

➢ Environmental Impact Assessment means a report on detailed study

and evaluation to be prepared to ascertain as to whether, in

implementing a proposal, the proposal does have significant adverse

impacts on the environment or not, whether such impacts could be

avoided or mitigated by any means or not.

EIA definition‐Agenda 21,UN

➢ “A national instrument which shall be undertaken for proposed

development activities that are likely to have significant impact on the

environment and are subject to the decision of competent authority”

EIA Definition, Munn(1979)

➢ “To identify and predict the impact on the environment and on mans

health and well being of legislative proposal, policies, programs,

project and operational procedures and to interpret and communicate

information about the impacts”

1.4 Objectives and types of EIA

Morgan Engineering & Management College

Objectives :

1.Identification of Impacts:

2.Informed Decision-Making:

3.Mitigation and Prevention:

4.Public Participation:

5.Alternatives Assessment:

6.Legal and Regulatory

Compliance:

7.Long-Term Sustainability:

1.4 Objectives and types of EIA

Morgan Engineering & Management College

Objectives :

1.Identification of Impacts: EIA aims to identify and assess potential

environmental, social, and economic impacts that a proposed project, policy, or

activity may have on the surrounding environment and communities.

2.Informed Decision-Making: EIA provides decision-makers with

comprehensive and scientifically sound information to make informed choices

about whether to proceed with a project, modify its design, or reject it

altogether.

3.Mitigation and Prevention: EIA suggests measures and strategies to avoid,

minimize, or mitigate adverse impacts. This helps shape project design and

implementation to reduce harm to the environment and human health.

1.4 Objectives and types of EIA

Morgan Engineering & Management College

Type of EIA

i. Regional EIA

ii. Strategic Environmental Assessment

iii. Project Level EIA

iv. Sectoral EIA

1.4 Objectives and types of EIA

Morgan Engineering & Management College 17 Regional EIA

Regional EIA integrates environmental concerns into development planning for a geographic region, normally at the sub‐ country level.
This approach facilitates adequate integration of economic development with management of environmental resources within the carrying capacity limitation to achieve sustainable development.
It fulfills the need for macro‐level environmental integration , which the project‐oriented EIA is unable to address effectively.
Unlike project-level EIAs that focus on individual developments , a regional EIA takes a strategic perspective, considering the combined effects and long-term consequences of various activities.
If environmental effects are considered at regional level, then cumulative environmental effects of all the projects within the region can be accounted.
For Example‐ In a large industrial estate, the individual industrial emissions may be within tolerance limits, the cumulative effects of the emissions can lead to a serious deterioration of the regional air quality.

1.4 Objectives and types of EIA

Morgan Engineering & Management College Sectoral EIA

Sectoral EIA helps in addressing specific environmental problems that may be encountered in planning and implementing sectoral development projects. (Example – hydro sector, transportation sector )
SEA offers an opportunity for sector‐wide environmental analysis before investment priorities have been determined.
Once sectoral level development plans have the integrated sectoral environmental concerns addressed, the scope of project‐level EIA will be quite narrow.
Sectoral EIA will help to address specific environmental problems that may be encountered in planning and implementing sectoral development projects.

1.4 Objectives and types of EIA

Morgan Engineering & Management College 20 Project Level EIA

In many countries in the world where EIA is in place, developmental projects (construction of highways and expressways, hydropower projects etc.) undergo an environmental examination prior to being given clearance to establish and operate.
A Project-Level Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic and comprehensive evaluation process that examines the potential environmental, social, and economic effects of a specific development project before it is carried out.
Thus, it may not effectively integrate the cumulative effects of the development in a region.
As per EPA2019/ EPR2020 of Nepal there are three types of Project Level EIA I. Brief environmental study II. Initial environmental examination III. Environmental impact assessment

Most Important Lectures Notes, Lecture notes of International Economic Law

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Most Important Lectures Notes and more Lecture notes International Economic Law in PDF only on Docsity!

General

Emergence of EIA

1.1 Impact of civil engineering development projects on environment

negative impacts on the environment.

of life, they can also lead to environmental challenges.

1.1 Impact of civil engineering development projects on environment

Positive Impacts:

1.Improved Infrastructure: Civil engineering projects, such as the construction

of roads, bridges, and water supply systems, contribute to better transportation

networks, access to clean water, and improved living conditions for

communities.

2.Renewable Energy Generation: Projects involving the construction of

renewable energy sources, such as wind farms or solar power plants, contribute

to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.

3.Economic Growth: Infrastructure development can stimulate economic

growth by creating jobs, attracting investments, and supporting local industries.

1.1 Impact of civil engineering development projects on environment

Negative Impacts:

1.Habitat Destruction: Construction activities can lead to the destruction

of natural habitats, including forests, wetlands, and wildlife habitats,

which can disrupt ecosystems and threaten biodiversity.

2.Air and Water Pollution: Construction activities can generate dust,

noise, and pollutants that degrade air and water quality, potentially

harming human health and aquatic life.

3.Deforestation and Land Degradation: Clearing land for construction

can result in deforestation and soil erosion, leading to loss of vegetation,

increased runoff, and reduced soil fertility.

1.1 Impact of civil engineering development projects on environment

4. Waste Generation: Construction generates significant amounts

of waste, including construction debris and hazardous materials,

which can strain waste management systems and contribute to

pollution.

5. Climate Change Impact: Energy-intensive construction

processes and increased urbanization can contribute to higher

carbon emissions, exacerbating climate change.

6. Traffic Congestion: Urban development and road construction

can lead to increased traffic congestion, which in turn contributes

to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

1.2 Environment Impact Assessment

systematically evaluate the potential environmental, social, and economic

impacts of proposed projects, policies, or activities before they are carried

out.

planned and executed in a way that minimizes negative environmental

effects and maximizes positive outcomes.

responsible and sustainable development while safeguarding the

environment and the well-being of communities.

1.2 Environment Impact Assessment

➢ Environmental Impact Assessment means a report on detailed study

and evaluation to be prepared to ascertain as to whether, in

implementing a proposal, the proposal does have significant adverse

impacts on the environment or not, whether such impacts could be

avoided or mitigated by any means or not.

➢ “A national instrument which shall be undertaken for proposed

development activities that are likely to have significant impact on the

environment and are subject to the decision of competent authority”

➢ “To identify and predict the impact on the environment and on mans

health and well being of legislative proposal, policies, programs,

project and operational procedures and to interpret and communicate

information about the impacts”

1.4 Objectives and types of EIA

Objectives :

1.Identification of Impacts:

2.Informed Decision-Making:

3.Mitigation and Prevention:

4.Public Participation:

5.Alternatives Assessment:

6.Legal and Regulatory

Compliance:

7.Long-Term Sustainability:

1.4 Objectives and types of EIA

Objectives :

1.Identification of Impacts: EIA aims to identify and assess potential

environmental, social, and economic impacts that a proposed project, policy, or

activity may have on the surrounding environment and communities.

2.Informed Decision-Making: EIA provides decision-makers with

comprehensive and scientifically sound information to make informed choices