Download Evolution of Music Genres: Blues, Swing, and Rock 'n' Roll and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
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TPA(AABA) - ANSWER Also describes the song form typical to this songwriting establishment
piano intro, drawn from final bars of chorus or beginning of verse
[two to four bar vamp, material drawn from and leading into verse]
two or more verses,(AA) similar melody diff lyrics
B section(bridge) equal length to ver contrasting material -new melody chord changes
return of A new lyrics same melody
chorus, equal in length to verse, with first and second endings (AABA)
Hot (black) vs Sweet (white) swing - ANSWER Freedman is very interested in the musical distinctions between white and black bands hot Jazz -black-rhythmic-danceable -masculine-loose-authentic
sweet -white-melodic-feminine-arranged-tight-inauthentic
crooning - ANSWER Crooning" a style of singing enabled by changes in microphone technology
could sing softer creating new intimacy Singing style in 1930s and 1940s Male singers with close, sentimental style, singing with full swing band, orchestra, or piano include Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, Nat King Cole
HillBilly - ANSWER Developed mainly out of the folk songs, ballads, and dance music of immigrants from the British Isles;
Evoked the rural South (with tropes such as natural talent, warmth and conviviality) while being aimed at an urban audience at the same time
Just like race music, was marketed on the basis of its presumed difference from the mainstream
Problematic term, since it had negative connotations for many Northern urban whites who used it to denigrate their Southern rural counterparts
Classic Blues - ANSWER Its origins can be traced back to a series of recordings made in1920 featuring Mamie Smith, released by Okeh Records
One of the most influential kinds of music disseminated under the race records'' tag
Performed primarily by female singers backed by small bands, with prominent piano in accompaniment Why women? Did not have the same independence as male country blues singers,who could traveled at will;
Found employment in minstrelsy and vaudeville, where the idea ofthe professional black female entertainer developed.
Honky-tonk: named after the loud venues and rough barrooms in which it was played, also featuring electric guitars'crossing over'' from the country charts to reach a mainstream audience.
swing vs shuffle - ANSWER swing: a way of playing that results in a feeling of forward motion or momentum, often accompanied by a propensity to embody the music in some form of rhythmic movement.
shuffle: Simplified swing rhythm = shuffle rhythm
urban electric blues - ANSWER Subgenre of R&B Made possible by innovations to the electric guitar and amplifier Great Migration from the South Chicago became the most important place for electric blues by the early 1950s Chess Records located in Chicago Artists included Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, Little Walter, and Bo Diddleyrough-edged emotional directness
Ruth Brown and "Uptown" Blues - ANSWER Biggest female R&B star of 1950s Owing to her success, Atlantic records known as "the House that Ruth Brown Built" Uptown was a blend of blues, jazz, and pop but with sophisticated musical arrangements
Gospel Blues - ANSWER Many African-American musicians learned to sing in church (not unlike rural whites in the South) Some sophisticated vocal harmonies in R&B came in part from church singing So too was the call and response form, when a musical phrase is heard as a response or commentary to the previous one Vocal embellishments, such as melismas, were also borrowed from church singing
call-and-response - ANSWER When a soloist plays a short figure which is then answered by another soloist or sections of the band. This process is normally repeated numerous times.
Melisma - ANSWER A sung run of multiple notes on a single syllable A vocal technique cultivated in African-American church choirs Used (and arguably abused) in the American Idol singing style
Doo-Wop - ANSWER Vocal genre influenced by gospel
focus on vocal harmonies Performed a capella or with small ensembles
Named for nonsense syllables: doo wop, sh-boom, ramalama ding dong, Doo-Wop sets prototype for rock n' roll: black ensemble covered by white ensemble, who has more success performers same age as audience value innocence spontaneity amateur performance
features of rock n' roll - ANSWER How to define the features of rock n' roll? Synthesis of rhythm and blues, country and mainstream pop Prominence of the electric guitar in a central and leading role Small ensembles of guitar (lead & rhythm), bass and drums Fast-paced rhythm, lyrics catering to teenagers Compound form of 12-bar blues and verse-chorus.
Rockabilly - ANSWER Presley was a significant influence on Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins, and helped inspire this new genre
Early urban folk shared some aspects with hillbilly but cultivated less commercial identity;-
Apparent contradiction: while ''folk'' summons the idea of people living in small, rural communities, ''urban'' suggests people living in cities whose experience of musicis mediated by technology.
strophic form - ANSWER Song structure in which the same music is repeated with every stanza (strophe) of the poem. and may change the final line
Folk Rock - ANSWER In 1965, industry responded by creating the label of "folk rock," which took elements from both genres Spurred imitators of Dylan, including many covers: Bob Dylan, "Mr. Tambourine Man" (1965)The Byrds, "Mr. Tambourine Man" (1965)
soul - ANSWER Musical features Melisma and "bent" notes Wide range of vocal timbres Most frequently did not include blues progressions Maintained-influence from doo-wop Early soul: slower songs with a triplet feel Soul as "feeling Intangible, a "musical spirit" Civil Rights Movement, Black Power Movement
Motown sound - ANSWER Sweet Soul"; "Uptown Soul"- Combined doo-wop vocal group tradition with gospel elements- Teen-friendly lyrics-
Pop musical forms-Verse-chorus frequently used- Catchy, melodic hooks (repeated musical moments/melodies)-
Strong focus on lead singer- Danceable-Complex musical arrangements and layers- Artists: Martha Reeves and the Vandellas; Diana Ross and the supremes; The Temptations; Smokey Robinson and the Miracles;Mary Wells; The Four Tops; The Jackson 5- (Later: Stevie Wonder; Marvin Gaye)
southern soul - ANSWER Memphis stay records muscle shoals More gospel emphasis than Motown-Timbral variety in voice- Harsher sound; raspy; growly; shouts; groans-Foregrounding melisma and bent notes- Vocalists took liberty with melody; improvisatory- Hammond Organ- More flexible and experimental with forms (verse-chorus form sometimes altered or not used at all) -Less "produced"; more spontaneous_ "Head Arrangements" i.e., Stax did not have an "arranger" like Motown did; musicians collectively worked outthe arrangements toge
The British Invasion - ANSWER Following success of Beatles in 1964, numerous British bands flooded the US Most prominent of which was the Rolling Stones Positioned themselves as the "bad boys" of the British Invasion If the Beatles were cute and quirky, the Stones were sensual, rebellious, and rude In reality, the Beatles and the Stones were close friends
drone - ANSWER holding of one pitch; can be sustained (long held note) or repeated;
CharacterisFcs of Prog Rock - ANSWER • Virtuosic performance• Keyboard as main compositional instrument• Arrangements of art music• Long forms (sonata, fugue, suites, as long as a whole album or album side), often music with narrative• Use of non- standard ensembles/instruments (chimes, flute, organ, orchestra, etc)•
used by artists to describe a certain groove
in the pocket groove
in- the pocket groove - ANSWER interlocking rhythm with deviations from the model fro expression
slapping and popping - ANSWER bass technique for a more percussive sound
sweet soul - ANSWER lush musical arrangements usually with sweet slick production like in Motown
string and brass in arrangements
less percussive elements in bass but still groovy
more conventional song form
gospel inspired vocal styles but more smooth
2 lyrical types: -lyrics with political messaging like Marvin Gaye cutis Mayfield Stevie Wonder
-lyrics that evoke a more sensual feel like Al Green
Power chord - ANSWER The power chord: Produced by playing the musical interval of a perfect fifth on a heavily amplified and distorted electric guitar, the power chord is used by all of the bands that are ever called metal."
Hard Rock vs. Heavy Metal - ANSWER Complicated relationship, as the two genres share many elements; Hard rock would be characterized by an alternately flowery and hedonistic aesthetic, with a more conventional romantic imagery...
- ...while heavy metal is marked by its gloomy atmosphere and religious-tinged lyrics portending doom;
Common features: heavy drums and bass, high-pitched vocals, virtuosic guitar, extended soloing
Ex.: Deep Purple, "Highway Star" (1972);
Differences are often more in the discourses surrounding these genres than in the music itself... the notion of gatekeeping.
metal (black sabbath) - ANSWER Riff-based songs, use of distortion; Eight-note palm-muted guitar on power chords;
Use of modes, tritone (diabolus inmusica);
Drums & bass are often highlighted, increasingly complex;
Frequently nihilistic, but some songs with political critiques;
Visual and lyric references to the occult, Satanism.
glam rock - ANSWER 70- Primarily British artists, emerged in the early 1970s;
Less syncopated bass; Thick orchestrations, with strings and synths; Importance of the role of the producers in crafting dense musical textures
pop
Pop vocals Conventional/shorter song forms Influence from European pop (e.g.ABBA); Simpler bass lines than in R&Bdisco; Memorable hooks and choruses; Less emphasis on interlocking grooves
R&B: Gospel-influenced vocals; Syncopated guitar and bass; Stylistic overlap with funk; traight forward verse-chorus song forms; ry
Four on the floor beat - ANSWER The bassdrum is played on every beat disco sound 4/
old school hip hop - ANSWER Djs and MCs instrumental break beats of funk and disco inspires hip hop djing- Mixing'' between records to isolate the breaks of certain popular records and
inserting them into the middle of other dance records;
Use of the turntable as an instrument, with the ''backspin technique, or turning a record backward to repeat a given break over and over; Afro-diasporic poetic traditions:
- The term ''rapping'' as a slang for talking goes back to the 1930s.
punk US vs UK - ANSWER Like disco, punk emerged in the mid-1970s as a response to the creative stasis'' of the rock establishment, BUT the impulse behind punk differs from disco... HOW?
Punk championed a "deliberately simplistic, 'do-it-yourself' amateur aesthetic" (Brackett, PRS, p. 335); For many members of the punk subculture, punk was conceived of as a reaction against the increasing theatricality and seriousness of rock; Also a reaction against very commercialized popular rock music; Two distinct strains of punk: North America: centered around CBGB club in New York; United Kingdom: centered around 100 Club in London.
Post-Punk/New Wave (post-punk generally British, New Wave generally American) - ANSWER The category that often refers to late-1970s punk, mainly from the UK; Encompasses bands such as Joy Division, Public Image Ltd., Gang of Four, the Fall, etc., and later groups like the Cure or the Smiths; Not necessarily a break from punk but an extension of some of its principles: Quest for autonomy and independence in the mode of production; Music still based on speed and energy, but not in the hard-core vein of punk bands like the Ramones or the Sex Pistols; Desire to break from the mainstream rock tradition but through new musical forms rather than going back to styles of the 50s and the 60s; Use of synthesizers, and influence from jazz, reggae, funk and disco
of post-punk hardcore rock. riff based use of distortion and sustain for max power and volume. 'Power chords''
hardcore punk - ANSWER Hardcore, for example, developed as an extreme variation of punkby playing simple riff-based songs at impossibly fast tempos whilescreaming nihilistic lyrics over a chaotic wall of guitar sounds
indie rock - ANSWER Initially used as a simple contraction of the term ''independent'' refers to music operating outside of the network of major labels: Not the first ''independent'' music but the first to make a polemical point about its independence; Later came to define a genre, with its own set of musical features: Noise, lo-fi aesthetics, pop songwriting, earnest or sentimental lyrics; n the UK, musically informed by post-punk and new wave: return to ringing guitars reminiscent of 1960s folk rock:
old school Flow - ANSWER Square, four-bar phrasing; Rhymed couplets in predictable locations; End rhymes (rhymes at the end of lines); Melodic delivery;
Turntablism - ANSWER Developed many technical innovations crucial to rap that, when taken together, constitute turntablism: Back Spinning: rewind to the desired point; Merry-Go-Round: switching from break to break; Punch Phrasing: isolating segments (especially horn hits and vocalexclamations) and punching them over sustained rhythm;
Scratching: manipulating records.
New School Hip Hop - ANSWER -N.W.A in Los Angeles -Laid Back Delivery -How life is not how it should be sampling
Golden Age of Hip Hop - ANSWER Late 1980s and early 1990s sample collage astehtic Notice that these are all short samples (not more than a few seconds each), arranged to create a collage in sound Time of aesthetic innovation in hip-hop: changes in flow, more complex rhythms, development of new sampling techniques; Increasing mainstream success, with the major record companies now taking an interest in the genre
effusive flow - ANSWER Complex internal rhymes, unpredictable, off-the-beat-rhythms.
Gangsta Rap - ANSWER Comparatively fewer samples; Use of real instruments; Sung choruses;= Lyrics content change: Chilling, driving fancy cars, weed, women, wealth, gangster rhetoric entered on sex and violence, but with often humorous language; Gentler rapping, more relaxed feel
Progressive Hip Hop - ANSWER ocused on socialissues rather than on wealth and gang violence, and a desire formusical experimentation and a broader range of samples (jazz,R&B, etc.)
entered more on female perspectives
their differences, these distinct styles take as their startingpoint sounds produced by analog or digital technology; Genres like techno, house and drum 'n' bass all sound different,have different followings, and originated in different places -music as ''site-specific'' ("you have to go to clubs to get the fullexperience", Simon Reynolds, p. 518).
Chicago house - ANSWER Emerged out of disco when itwent underground in 1979-1980; Evolved into a more drivingdance genre with less vocals,more incessant ''four-on-the-floor'' beat, and piano samples; Typical range of 120-130BPM; Very generally speaking, house is slowerand slightly denser thantechno, and relies more onmelody in its textures;
Detroit techno - ANSWER Built from Chicago house but mixed it withthe type of repetitive, mechanical soundcultivated by Kraftwerk; Slightly more up-tempo than house(usually 130-150 BPM), with darker, moreambient and melody-less textures; Still uses the same sound sources:samples, synths, drum machines;
drum n' bass - ANSWER Developed in the UK in the early 1990s outof hardcore, a subgenre of technoassociated with rave culture and use ofEcstasy, with very fast tempos (160 BPM orhigher); Before 1995, the terms ''jungle'' and ''drum'n' bass'' were used somewhatinterchangeably but eventually ''drum 'n'bass'' became the most common name forthe genre; Usually combines deep, rolling basslines with hyper-fast moving drumbeats, often made up of chopped breakbeats from other songs; Ex.: Aphex Twin, "Girl/Boy Song" (1996)
girl/boy bands - ANSWER Slick, pop production, use of synths, drum machines, sing-along choruses Smooth, melismatic singing inspired by R&B
indie (2000s) - ANSWER We tend to associate indie with guitar bandsbut by the mid-2000s, the term had come todefine a wide range of musical styles; The key development of indie in the 2000swas probably its ability to pair the DIY spiritof its 1980s precursor with big, orchestralarrangements; By the end of the decade, the mostinteresting experiments involved not guitarsbut electronics, with acts like AnimalCollective using sampling and manipulatedsounds in an indie context:
Ex.: "Brother Sport" (2009)
southern hip ho - ANSWER Development of the trap beat, with deep basslines and triplet flow New sampling techniques, including chopping and stretching
trap - ANSWER Name comes from the slang ''trap house'',referring to dead-ends where drug deals are made; Emerged from regional centers Atlanta and Memphis; Musical features: Bouncy, but dark ambiance; Beats produced with 808 drum machine, with deepbasslines; Rapid, spastic, and inconsistent high-hat (oftenplayed in triplets); Sparse texture, with slow tempo of 60-75 BPM;
triplet flow - ANSWER nother common feature of 2000s hip-hopis the increasingly common use of rapping in triplets over mainly duple-divided beats; Like trap, triplet flow was first associatedwith Southern hip-hop; Consists of sets of three larger syllablesover each larger beat; Works particularly well in songs with aslower tempo (like trap), so that the musicdoesn't sound too crowded and the lyricsremain discernible; Ex.: Migos, "Versace" (2013)
Electro-Pop: - ANSWER Lady Gaga, "LoveGame" (2009) Musical style blending elements of pop and disco, heavy use of synths witheven some elements of EDM in the rhythm
