Indigenous Music and Dance of North America: A Study Guide, Exams of Social Sciences

This comprehensive study guide explores the rich musical and dance traditions of indigenous cultures across north america. It delves into the cultural significance, instruments, and performance styles of various dances, including the heavy brush dance, light brush dance, stomp dance, women's shuffle dance, hamat'sa dance, and mountain spirit dance. The guide also provides insights into the history, beliefs, and social practices associated with these dances, offering a valuable resource for students of indigenous music and culture.

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MUNM 3213 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Heavy Brush Dance songs: - Answers - -Region: California
-Purpose: To heal a child who is sick.
-religious in character, slower in tempo, wordless (vocables), sung by men only.
-Hupa, Yurok, Karok tribes perform this dance.
-Must be performed 3 times each before moving onto a different song.
Light Brush Dance songs: - Answers - -Region: California
-Instruments: deer hoof rattles.
-Purpose:To heal a child who is sick.
-Genre: not religious.
-Roles: 1 Lead female vocalist.
Male singers act as the Rhythmic Ostinato (grunting).
-Musical attributes:
Text and Vocables,
Use of female vocals,
Upbeat tempo.
-Hupa, Yurok, Karok tribes perform this dance.
-Listen for the song to repeat 3 times. You will hear the song stop, then starts again.
Heavy and light songs must be performed 3 times each before moving onto a different
song.
Stomp Dance - Answers - -Region: South East.
-Instruments: turtle shell rattles, stomping of feet.
-Purpose: Keep the capital corn religion thriving.
-Genre: vocables, text, including some English words. Shouts mark changing parts of
the song
cycle.
-Roles: A male vocal and dance leader, a male chorus, a female lead shell shaker.
Other men and women dance along in a circle.
Women's Shuffle Dance (Eskanye) - Answers - The woman's shuffle dance is from the
North East region, specifically the Saint Lawrence Lowlands. The shuffle dance is a
social dance performed by Haudenosanee people. The shuffle dance is one dance that
goes with Earth Songs. This shuffle dance is one of four Sustenance Dances that are
performed a little after midwinter. These songs are performed to celebrate the earth and
individual beings. Women gather at "sings" to share new songs with one another and to
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MUNM 3213 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

Heavy Brush Dance songs: - Answers - - Region: California

  • Purpose: To heal a child who is sick.
  • religious in character, slower in tempo, wordless (vocables), sung by men only.
  • Hupa, Yurok, Karok tribes perform this dance.
  • Must be performed 3 times each before moving onto a different song. Light Brush Dance songs: - Answers - - Region: California
  • Instruments: deer hoof rattles.
  • Purpose:To heal a child who is sick.
  • Genre: not religious.
  • Roles: 1 Lead female vocalist. Male singers act as the Rhythmic Ostinato (grunting).
  • Musical attributes: Text and Vocables, Use of female vocals, Upbeat tempo.
  • Hupa, Yurok, Karok tribes perform this dance.
  • Listen for the song to repeat 3 times. You will hear the song stop, then starts again. Heavy and light songs must be performed 3 times each before moving onto a different song. Stomp Dance - Answers - - Region: South East.
  • Instruments: turtle shell rattles, stomping of feet.
  • Purpose: Keep the capital corn religion thriving.
  • Genre: vocables, text, including some English words. Shouts mark changing parts of the song cycle.
  • Roles: A male vocal and dance leader, a male chorus, a female lead shell shaker. Other men and women dance along in a circle. Women's Shuffle Dance (Eskanye) - Answers - The woman's shuffle dance is from the North East region, specifically the Saint Lawrence Lowlands. The shuffle dance is a social dance performed by Haudenosanee people. The shuffle dance is one dance that goes with Earth Songs. This shuffle dance is one of four Sustenance Dances that are performed a little after midwinter. These songs are performed to celebrate the earth and individual beings. Women gather at "sings" to share new songs with one another and to

create new songs. The songs are usually funny and light-hearted in nature. Like the name suggests, this is a woman's dance. However, men are traditionally the lead singers and are accompanied by rattles or a water drum.The lyrics of these social songs are vocables and sometimes text. The tempo is moderate and the women move in a clockwise circle while the dance steps are a shuffle with the right foot and then the left, while their feet stay close to the ground. Hamat'sa Dance - Answers - - Region: Northwest Coast.

  • Instruments: Whistles and drums.
  • Purpose: exercise evil spirit.
  • Roles: all men, singing powerfully.
  • Musical attributes: Tremelo-drum roll. Mountain Spirit Dance - Answers - - Region: Apache (Southwest)
  • Instruments: Water drums, rattles,
  • Purpose: bring about healing,all about nature, respect.
  • Genre:
  • Roles:Crown Dancers
  • Musical attributes: Instructed by Mountain Spirits. duple meter. Bird Songs - Answers - - Region: California
  • Instruments: Gourd rattles
  • Purpose: Celebrates the belief that the Cahuilla arrived here long ago in migratory flight
  • not as birds, but like birds.
  • Genre: social
  • Roles: Male singer
  • Musical attributes: repeated phrases. Creation story Heleluyun Yvhikvres - Answers - - Region: Southeastern Woodlands
  • Instruments: None
  • Genre: Religious, Hymn
  • Roles: men and women
  • Musical attributes: sung in unison Buffy Sainte-Marie - Answers - - Region: California
  • Instruments: Mouth bow
    • Songs: Cripple Creek, "Bury my heart at wounded knee" XIT - Answers - - 70's Rock band.
  • Region: Southwest
  • Songs: Plight of the Redman, "Relocation"

Potlatch - Answers - One of the winter ceremonies in the NW coast. Gatherings to share goods within societies and to create bonds with one another. Songs, dances, history, and food are shared. Gifts were given, which displayed wealth and is an important part of potlatches. Plank House - Answers - A style of house in the northwest region that is made from long planks of cedar wood and is shared by multiple families. Rhythmic Ostinato - Answers - a short musical idea that is continually repeated. The six nations that are part of the (Northeast) Haudenosaunee/Iriquois confederacy are: - Answers - Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, Tuscarora, Mohawk. (SCOOT M) Iroquois can been seen as a negative word derived from the meaning: - Answers - Rattle Snake People Haudenosaunee means - Answers - "The People Who Built the Longhouse" What 3 areas are part of the Northeast region? - Answers - Coastal, Great Lakes, Saint Lawrence Lowlands The Haudenosaunee nations are currently located in upstate _________ - Answers - New York What is a wampum belt? - Answers - A belt used to tell a story or convey a message Instruments of the Northwest Coast: - Answers - Whistles, Log Drum, Box Drum, Hand Drum, Rattles. Instruments of the Northeast: - Answers - Cow Horn Rattle, Water drum, Clappers, End-Blown Flute. 2 Nations of the Northeast: - Answers - Iroquois/Haudenodaunee and Mi'kmaq/Micmac Southeast Instruments - Answers - Coconut Rattle, Turtle Shell - Leg Rattles, Water Drum, Can - Leg Rattles. Listening: Kwakiutl hamatsa dance - Answers - Begins with a man yelling

Listening: Haida - Drinking Song - Answers - La la la.. Ay ay ay... Videos: Hamatsa dance - Answers - red and white straw hats Video: Women's shuffle dance - Answers - orange and pink dress Video: Haudenosaunee (NE) Stomp Dance - Answers - Leader of circle in pointy feather hat. On stage with black background. Video (9:21): Stomp dance - Answers - on basketball court. Man in purple shirt w/ cowboy hat. Listening: Women's Brush Dance (light brush dance) - Answers - Sounds like hiccups with woman singing. Video: Buffy Saint Marie - Answers - Woman playing mouth bow Video: Dawn Avery - Answers - Cello playing woman Video: Ulali (aka pura fe) - Answers - women a cappella or with guitar. Video: Heleluyun Yvhikvres - Answers - sounds like swing low sweet chariot Contest Powwow - Answers - most contest powwows welcome everyone to experience the culture, some competition element Powwow Etiquette - Answers - - prohibit the use of photography or filming, only allowed if given permission

  • regalia, instruments, and equipment should never be touched without permission
  • always listen to the mc (master of ceremonies) and the staff directors, follow directions
  • use of drugs and alcohol are prohibited
  • be respectful M.C.- (master of ceremonies) - Answers - powwow officially begins when the m.c. encourages all participants to line up and calls for the Grand Entry to begin
  • will ask everyone to rise, take off their hats, and show respect for those entering into the arena Grand Entry - Answers - the intertribal dance can also be used as this
  • host drum provides music for the grand entry
  • first, flag bearers and color guard will enter
  • secondly, honored guests, elders, powwow committee members of head staff, host veteran organizations and powwow princesses
  • thirdly, once everyone has entered the arena, flag song, invocation/prayer song, veterans' song, and posting of colors
  • the northern drum is smaller resulting in a higher pitched sound How many honor beats are played - Answers - Twice Where the honor beats are placed - Answers - - northern is during verses
  • southern is between verses Vocal Range - Southern and Northern - Answers - Southern Vocal Range: Low - Middle vocal range Northern Vocal Range: Middle - High vocal range Description of the quality of singing - Southern and Northern - Answers - - northern is lots of vocal tension and wide vibrato
  • southern is some to no vocal tension and vibrato Drumbeat Patterns: Straight, Round, Ruffle - Answers - - straight: evenly places drum beats
  • round: long beat followed by a short beat, with a heavy accent on the shot beat
  • ruffle: drum gets louder and faster Jingle Dress (know the origin story) - Answers - A dance traditionally performed as a spiritual dance that could help those who are sick
  • the first story, ojibwe version, elderly grandfather whose granddaughter became very ill. Great spirit told him to make a dress that would contain ability to cure and she dance in it.
  • second story, chippewa, first seen by a medicine man in a dream. in his dream, four women in special dresses provide directions on how to make dresses using metal cones to produce a beautiful sound Fancy Dance - Answers - best recognized as coming out of a combination of traditional warrior society dancing styles and the dance traditions that developed out of Buffalo Bill's Wild West shows and added more dramatic and elaborate movements. Fancy Shawl - Answers - dress or skirt below the knee, a yoke, moccasins, leggings, and a shawl worn over the shoulders Women's Traditional (Buckskin and Cloth) - Answers - a presentation through grace & pride through dance. Dance regalia is divided into two categories; Buckskin & Cloth, long fringe will hang from the shoulders of the dress, women generally wear a plume, but a single eagle feather can also be worn as a head ornament Grass Dance - Answers - long strands of brightly colored fringe made from yarn or cotton broadcloth flow from the shoulders of the dancers' shirts, the knees of their pants, and the bottom of their aprons or vests

Southern Men's Straight (know Helushka) - Answers - known for its smoothness and movements bestowing pride

  • movements highlight the dancers' standing "straight up and bending down" dance steps Northern Traditional (storytelling) - Answers - A men's powwow dance has a long lineage rooted in storytelling of a warriors battle
  • symbolism of the reenactment and lineage to a warrior society, but modern elements included on the regalia and changes in the dances is still a vital part of today's society Kokopelli - Answers - hunchback flute player often seen throughout the southwest La Danza De Los Voladores (know performance elements and the roles of the performers) - Answers - - (Dance of the Flyers) performance. Caporal
  • Leader Manazana - Answers - - selection of tree and cutting of it called tsakae kiki
  • five dancers begin to climb pole with the leader going first and stays at top of peak of the pole
  • four voladores sit on a square platform under manzana called cuadro Native American flute (know its construct and purpose) - Answers - The Native American flute is played vertically by blowing air into the mouthpiece. The flute consists of two chambers and when air is blown into the mouthpiece it flows up the ramp and is split into two directions, first moving between the block and the plug. At this point, some of the air is released through the splitting edge and the rest is moved into the second chamber. After the air has reached the second chamber, the performer can change the pitch by changing which finger holes are left open and which finger holes are covered. As shown in the diagram above, it is optional for flutes to also include direction holes at the bottom of the flute. The direction holes are said to allow the music to be sent out in all four directions. Block (also know other related terms) - Answers - Shape of flute (bird,totem,fetish) Finger holes - Answers - change the pitch, usually 2-6 holes, which means 5-6 note scale depending on the amount of holes Mouthpiece - Answers - flute is played by blowing air into Materials used to make the flutes - Answers - bone, wood, clay, and cane Warble - Answers - The sound, popularized by Doc Tate, is similar to wide vibrato, in that the player quickly vacillates between two different pitches. This is usually done on the lowest note on the flute, but can be played on other pitches as well.One of the most distinctive sounds played on the Native American flute

Supaman - Answers - blended the flute and other traditional cultural elements into their music What is Stomp dance? - Answers - traditional percussive instruments used were leg rattles made from turtle shells; purpose if for religion and can only be performed on religious grounds Where did it originate? (stomp dance) - Answers - the southeast through the native diaspora and changes in available resources, some nations adopted the use of metal can leg rattles for ceremonial use Where is it practiced now? (stomp dance) - Answers - on ceremonial grounds, What is the Green Corn religion? - Answers - religious ceremony typically occurring in late July-August, determined by the ripening of the corn crops How would you describe the music? (Sounds and Form) (Green Corn religion) - Answers - Male Vocals, 1 male vocalist leads the others. Who dances and what dance steps are performed? (Green Corn religion) - Answers - - performed by various Eastern Woodland tribes

  • refers to shuffle and stomp movements of the dance "Know Me" by Litefoot - Answers - created a space for contemporary native american musicians Muscogee - Answers - known as creek and the creek confederacy Turtle Shell Leg Rattles (know other types of instrument constructions as well) - Answers - cow horn, gourd, carved wood, and hide #MMIW - Answers - collation to stop violence against native women Naát'áaníí Means - Answers - navajo word for leader Mike Cliff a.k.a "Witko" - Answers - street artist, graphic designer, and hip-hop artist, founded True Pride music Frank Waln - Answers - used his music to raise awareness of native american issues Inez Jasper - Answers - awareness to how native women have been mistreated Buddy Red Bow - Answers - awareness to how native women have been mistreated Cultural Appropriation - Answers - concept in sociology dealing with the adoption of the elements of a minority culture by members of the dominant culture

Muscogee Hymns - Answers - were created without any kind of influence by outside musical traditions playing Indian - Answers - discusses the way in which white American men have adopted Indian traditions, images, and clothing, citing examples like the Boston Tea Party, the Improved Order of Red Men, Tammany Hall The Pale Faced Indian" (know its musical evolution) - Answers - ethnic slur used by some native americans "Indian Outlaw" - Answers - tim mcgraw song that contains several offensive lines to native americans Cultural Misappropriation - Answers - The intentional theft of tangible or non-tangible cultural commodities by an outsider with the intent to be used for economic gain or to intentionally create a stereotype Buffalo Bill's Wild West Shows - Answers - a huge source of cultural appropriation against native americans "What Makes the Red Man Red" - Answers - native american song in pocahontas, sung by villains of the movie