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NSCA-CSCS Exam Chapter 1
To what structures do the cross-bridges attach during muscle action? - ✔️ ✔️ Actin
Which substance regulates muscle actions? - ✔️ ✔️ Calcium
Which substance acts at the neuromuscular junction to excite the muscle fibers of a motor unit? - ✔️ ✔️ Acetylcholine
Which muscle fiber type is the MOST beneficial for a marathon runner? - ✔️ ✔️ Type I
When throwing a baseball, an athlete's arm is rapidly stretched just prior to throwing the ball. Which of the following structures detects and responds to that stretch by reflexively increasing muscle activity? - ✔️ ✔️ Muscle Spindle
From what is the heart's electrical impulse normally initiated? - ✔️ ✔️ SA Node
Which of the following occurs during the QRS complex of a typical ECG? - ✔️ ✔️ repolarization of the atrium and depolarization of the ventricle.
A-Band - ✔️ ✔️ overlapping actin and myosin
acetylcholine - ✔️ ✔️ Arrival of the action potential at the nerve terminal causes release of a neurotransmitter, ______, which diffuses across the neuromuscular junction. Once a sufficient amount is released, an action potential is generated across the sarcolemma, and the (muscle)fiber contracts.
Actin and Myosin - ✔️ ✔️ contractile proteins in muscle
Action potential - ✔️ ✔️ the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.
All-or-none Principle - ✔️ ✔️ the strength by which a nerve or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus is independent of the strength of the stimulus. If the stimulus exceeds the threshold potential, the nerve or muscle fiber will give a complete response; otherwise, there is no response.
Alveolar Pressure - ✔️ ✔️ the pressure in centimeters of water pressure (cmH2O) held within the alveoli of the lungs during inspiration. The pressure value is the difference from atmospheric pressure, which is considered zero when establishing the value.
Alveoli - ✔️ ✔️ where gases are exchanged in respiration.
Aortic Valve - ✔️ ✔️ prevents backflow from the aorta into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation (diastole)
Arterial System - ✔️ ✔️ Carries blood away from the heart
Arteriole - ✔️ ✔️ small branches of arteries that act as control vessels through which blood enters the capillaries.Play a major role in the regulation of blood flow to the extremeities.
Artery - ✔️ ✔️ Their function is to rapidly transport blood pumped from the heart.
Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle - ✔️ ✔️ conducts the electrical impulse to the ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) Node - ✔️ ✔️ electrical impulses coming from the SA node are delayed slightly here before passing into the ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves - ✔️ ✔️ consists of the tricuspid and mitral valve and prevent the flow of blood from the ventricles back into the atria during ventricular contraction (systole).
Atrium - ✔️ ✔️ there are two of these, a right and a left. Their function is to deliver blood to another chamber of the heart.
Bone Periosteum - ✔️ ✔️ a specialized connective tissue covering all bones.
Bradycardia - ✔️ ✔️ fewer than 60 beats of the heart per minute
Bronchi - ✔️ ✔️ These come after the Trachea in the respiratory system and are known as second-generation respiratory passages
Bronchiole - ✔️ ✔️ These come after the Bronchi in the respiratory system and are known as an additional generation of respiratory passages
Capillary - ✔️ ✔️ their function is to exchange oxygen, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid in the various tissues in the body.
Cross-bridge - ✔️ ✔️ Globular heads that protrude away from the myosin filament at regular intervals.
Depolarization - ✔️ ✔️ the reversal of the membrane electrical potential, whereby the normally negative potential inside the membrane becomes slightly positive and the outside becomes slightly negative
Left and Right Bundle Branches - ✔️ ✔️ further divide into the Purkinje fibers and conduct impulses to all parts of the ventricles
Mitral Valve - ✔️ ✔️ Also known as the bicuspid valve and prevents the flow of blood from the ventricles back into the atria on the left side of the heart during ventricular contraction or systole.
Motor Neuron - ✔️ ✔️ neurons located in the central nervous system (CNS) that project their axons outside the CNS to directly or indirectly control muscles.
Motor Unit - ✔️ ✔️ a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
Muscle Fiber - ✔️ ✔️ long, multinucleated cell that generates force when stimulated; consists of myofibrils divided into sarcomeres.
Muscle Spindle - ✔️ ✔️ proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue. They provide information concerning muscle length and the rate of the change in length.
Myocardium - ✔️ ✔️ heart muscle
Myofibril - ✔️ ✔️ portion of muscle composed of thick and thin myofilaments (actin and myosin)
Myofilament - ✔️ ✔️ consists of two types: myosin and actin
Myosin - ✔️ ✔️ Show up darker under a microscope. Thick Filaments. In A band and H zone
Neuromuscular Junction - ✔️ ✔️ the junction between a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. Also known as the motor end plate. Site of communication between neuron and muscle.
Origin - ✔️ ✔️ the muscle's proximal (toward the center of the body) attachment
Parasympathetic Nervous System - ✔️ ✔️ part of the autonomic nervous system. Rest and Digest division of the ANS. Opposes sympathetic effects.
Perimysium - ✔️ ✔️ covers bundles of muscle fibers (fasciculi)
Pleura - ✔️ ✔️ membranes enveloping the lungs and lining the chest walls.
Pleural Pressure - ✔️ ✔️ the pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleaura
Preloading - ✔️ ✔️ some of the muscle fibers that are active early in a range of motion will not be fully activated unless the muscle is loaded prior to the muscle action. This is why we use this to activate them.
Proprioceptors - ✔️ ✔️ specialized sensory receptors located within the joints, muscles, and tendons. These sensors are sensitive to pressure and tension.
Proximal - ✔️ ✔️ Closer to the trunk
Pulmonary valve - ✔️ ✔️ prevents backflow from the pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation (diastole)
Purkinje Fibers - ✔️ ✔️ conduct impulses 6X faster than all of the other three intrinsic mechanisms that control heart rate.
P-Wave - ✔️ ✔️ generated by the changes in the electrical potential of cardiac muscle cells that depolarize the atria and result in atrial contraction. This along with the QRS complex are recordings of electrical depolarization, that is, the electrical stimulus that leads to mechanical contraction.
QRS Complex - ✔️ ✔️ generated by the electrical potential that depolarizes the ventricles and resuls in ventricular contraction. This along with the P wave are recordings of electrical depolarization, that is, the electrical stimulus that leads to mechanical contraction.
Recruitment - ✔️ ✔️ an increase in force through varying the number of motor units activated
Red Blood Cell - ✔️ ✔️ the major component of blood. Major function is to transport oxygen
Repolarization - ✔️ ✔️ the T wave is caused by the electrical potential generated as the ventricles recover from the state of depolarization. This occurs in ventricular muscle shortly after depolarization.
Sarcolemma - ✔️ ✔️ cell membrane for striated muscle fibers.
Sarcomere - ✔️ ✔️ Basic contractile element of skeletal muscle
Sarcopenia - ✔️ ✔️ reduced muscle size and strength
Sarcoplasm - ✔️ ✔️ the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
T-Wave - ✔️ ✔️ caused by the electrical potential generated as the ventricles recover from the state of depolarization.
Twitch - ✔️ ✔️ brief contraction that results from each action potential traveling down a motor neuron resulting in a short period of activation of the muscle fibers within the motor unit.
Type I Fiber - ✔️ ✔️ Slow Twitch Muscle Fiber
Type IIa Fiber - ✔️ ✔️ Fast Twitch Muscle Fiber
Type IIb Fiber - ✔️ ✔️ Fast Twitch Muscle Fiber
Type IIx Fiber - ✔️ ✔️ Fast Twitch Muscle Fiber
Vein - ✔️ ✔️ transport blood back to the heart.
Venous System - ✔️ ✔️ system that returns blood toward the heart
Ventricle - ✔️ ✔️ These supply the main force for moving blood through the pulmonary and peripheral circulations.
Venule - ✔️ ✔️ collect blood from the capillaries and gradually converge into the progressively larger veins.
Z-Line - ✔️ ✔️ at each end of sarcomere
What is the conduction system composed of? - ✔️ ✔️ Sinoatrial (SA) Node, Atrioventricular (AV) Node, Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle, the left and right bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibers.
Right side of the heart - ✔️ ✔️ pumps blood through the lungs
Left side of the heart - ✔️ ✔️ pumps blood through the rest of the body
M Line - ✔️ ✔️ middle of H zone, holds myosin in place
Actin - ✔️ ✔️ Show up lighter under a microscope. Thin Filaments. In I band and A band. Contains myosin binding site
