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Prefixes sub-, super- These two prefixes are nearly opposite in meaning. Sub-
- means "under, below," as in: subsoil—layer of earth below the surface submarine—a boat that can operate under water 2. Sub- also means "further; again," as in: subdivide—divide into smaller parts subheading—a subordinate heading or title
- A third meaning of sub- is "near, nearly," as in: subtropical—nearly tropical subarctic—near the arctic region
Variants of sub- are suc-, suf-, sug-, sup-, and sus-, as in:
success suffice suggest suppress suspect
Super-
- means "over, above," as in: superscript—something written above superimpose—placed on top of something 2. Super- also means "besides; further; in high proportion; exceedingly," as in: superabundance—a greater amount than needed supercharge—increase the effective power of
- A third meaning of this prefix is "surpassing; more than the usual," as in: supernatural—beyond what is natural supernova—brighter than the usual nova
A variant spelling of super- is sur-, as in surplus.
Directions: Using the above guidelines, write, on the blank lines, the definitions of the following words.
- subagent
- subject
- sublime
- succeed
- suffer
- support
- suspend
- superintendent
- supervise
- surname
Use these prefixes as you complete Exercise 6-14 on the template diskette.
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Prefixes Signifying Numbers Knowing the meanings of prefixes and combining forms (Exercise 99) signifying numbers will aid you in understanding and using words in which these components appear. To increase your proficiency, carefully study the guidelines and examples that follow.
Mono- means "one" or "single," as in: monopoly—exclusive control of a business or a service monoplane—airplane with only one pair of wings Bi- means "twice a, two, once every two," as in: biannual—occurring twice a year bicycle—a lightweight vehicle with a metal frame and two wheels Di- means "twice, double, two," as in: digraph—two letters producing a single sound dilemma—situation requiring a choice between two alternatives
Do not confuse the numerical di- with the^ di-^ previously studied, a form of^ dis-. Semi- means
- "half," as in: semitone—a half step on a musical scale
- "partly," as in: semiofficial—having some degree of authority
- "twice," as in: semimonthly—occurring twice a month
Note that semi-^ is not a hyphenated prefix, except when used with root words beginning with a capital letter, such as in semi-Christian, or sometimes with the vowel i, as in semi-invalid.
Directions: Study the following words by noting the meaning of the root word and the meaning of the numerical prefix. On the blank line, write the definition of the given word.
- monograph
- monolingual
- bifocals
- bipartisan
- dichotomy
- diode
- semicircle
- semisoft
Apply these numerical prefixes as you complete Exercise 6-15 on the template diskette.
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Review of Prefixes Directions: Using the contextual clues contained in the sentence definition, determine the correct prefix from the list at the left. On the blank line preceding each root word, write the prefix to complete the mean- ing of the sentence.
per/pre/pro 1. Annual retail sales are highest during the Christmas period.
per/pre/pro 2. A statement given under pressure is typically made under test.
per/pre/pro 3. To convince someone to do your bidding is to suade him or her.
per/pre/pro 4. To protect one when he or she is in danger is to serve her or his life.
non/un 5. Avoiding quitting is to be relenting.
non/un 6. Not being kept under control is to be restrained.
non/un 7. One who isn't influenced by others' actions may be said to be a^ conformist.
sub/super (^) 8. A near total amount obtained before tax is added to the goods is a total.
sub/super (^9) sonic speed is greater than the speed of sound.
sub/super (^) 10. To further contract a current contract is to contract it.
suc/suf/sug (^) 11. ferance is the power to bear something with patience.
sup/sur/sus 12. A tax placed on goods or services already taxed is called a (^) tax.
suc/sup/sus (^) 13. To stop operations is to pend action.
mono/bi/tri 14. Computer language consisting of zeros and ones is (^) nary.
mono/bi/tri (^15) glycerides consist of any of a group of esters of glycerol reacting with three fatty acids.
mono/di/semi 16. A sale held twice a year is a (^) annual event.
di/kilo/poly (^) 17. Having double and triple or more bonds and free valences, as in vegetable oil, is said
to be unsaturated.
Using the Correct Word Directions: Gain greater mastery of your English vocabulary skills by using each of the following words correctly. Study each word with its part of speech, definition, and the illustrative sentence. As you read the sentence, note the contextual clue that aids learning of the word's definition. After studying the words, write, on a separate sheet of paper, additional sentences using each word, then submit the sentences to your instruc- tor. Each sentence should be clear enough that a reader unfamiliar with the words will understand their mean- ings from reading your contextual clues.
1. famous (adj.) celebrated; very well known (Note the difference between famous and noto- rious. Famous is used in a positive sense, and notorious is used with a negative connotation, meaning "well known because of a bad reputa- tion." Amelia Lindy is famous for her home-style chili. Butch Cassidy was notorious for robbing banks. 2. fewer (adj.) having a smaller number (Note the difference between fewer and less. Fewer is used with things that can be counted. Less is used with amounts and quantities considered as a whole.) This examination contains ten fewer questions than the last exam; as a result, less paper was used in the duplication process. 3. forego (v.) to precede; to go before (Note the difference between forego and forgo. Forego uses the prefix fore-, meaning "before." Forgo means "to do without.") A reputation of being an enthusiastic worker will often forego a person into a new situation. Because I'm on a diet, I'll forgo dessert. 4. fortuitous (adj.) happening by chance; bring- ing favorable results (Some people confuse the meaning of fortuitous with the definition of for- tune. Thus, an inheritance is a fortune unless it happened by chance.) The company's profits increased this quarter because of a fortuitous investment in the cir- cuit market. 5. futile (adj.) not successful; useless; not important
Our planning was futile since nothing worked as we anticipated.
6. good (adv.) having high quality; effective (Note the difference between good and well. Good means "effective," or it relates to quality. Well means "thoroughly, satisfactory." Refer- ring to health, good means in "high spirits," but well indicates a state of being.) After that good dinner, I feel well since my body has ceased shaking from hunger pangs. 7. gratis (adv.), (adj.) without charge The contest winner will receive a gratis^ dinner for two, compliments of management. 8. healthy (adj.) having good health (Note the difference between healthy and healthful. Healthy refers to the state of health; healthful refers to something that is conducive to good health.) My body feels much more healthy since I have started eating healthful foods. 9. historic (adj.) famous or important to history (Note the difference between historic and his- torical. Historic refers to something important to history. Historical refers to an event based in history.) The original (^) historic trip to the moon has been captured in a historical novel by E. J. Mann. 10. holocaust (n.) complete destruction by fire; wholesale destruction (Do not confuse holo- caust with Holocaust relating to the genocide of Jews by the Nazis.) In its wake, the hurricane left a holocaust of the town.
Apply these words as you complete Exercise 6-17 on the template diskette.
Word Pairs Directions: (1) Study the spellings and meanings of each set of words. Note how the words are used in the illustrative sentences. (2) On a separate sheet of paper, write a sentence in which each word is correctly used. You may elect to combine more than one word per sentence. Submit these sentences to your instruc- tor as directed.
- monetary (adj.) relating to money or currency monitory (adj.)^ admonishing; warning The president's monitory letter encouraged a new responsible monetary policy to avoid bankruptcy.
- moral (adj.) good in character and conduct; capable of understanding right and wrong; vir- tuous; (n.) the lesson to be drawn from a story morale (n.) moral or mental condition regard- ing courage, confidence, and enthusiasm Employee morale is often affected by the moral character of company leaders.
- mortality^ (n.)^ the condition of being sure to die at some time; death rate mortally (adv.) fatally; so as to cause death; grievously Insurance mortality rates are based upon sta- tistics of people who die a natural death as well as those who are mortally injured in accidents.
- naval^ (adj.)^ pertaining to the navy or ships navel (n.) point of connection between the abdomen and the umbilical cord; the central point The jacket of his naval uniform barely covered the sailor's navel.
- noisy (adj.) making much noise; loud nosy (adj.) (^) prying; rudely or improperly inquisitive My nosy neighbor complained to the authori- ties about our noisy party.
- nor (conj.) and not; neither; used with (^) neither or (conj.) a word used to express a choice; used with either Neither apples nor oranges were available at the supermarket; however, either pears or tan- gerines are just as good.
- ordinance^ (n.)^ a rule or law; an established religious ceremony ordnance (n.) military apparatus or supplies of all kinds The ordinance passed by the city council leg- islated all military ordnance must be housed or stored at least five miles outside the city.
- overdo (v.) to do too much; exhaust; exaggerate overdue (adj.) delayed beyond the set time Don't overdo such strenuous work; you may be overdue for heart problems.
- packed (v.) past tense of pack;^ crowded; loaded pact (n.) an agreement; treaty According to the binational pact, the supplies must be packed and shipped by January 1.
- pail (n.) a round container; a bucket pale (adj.) without much color; (n.) a long and narrow board used for a fence Althouth appearing pale in her face, Jill hoisted the pail filled with milk for the community bake-off.
- pain (n.) a feeling of being hurt; sorrow pane (n.) a single sheet of glass or plastic in a division of a window or door Pain shot up Kenny's arm as he broke the win- dow pane with his fist.
- pair (n.) a set of two used together; an engaged or married couple; (v.) to arrange into groups of two pare (v.) to cut or trim the outer part pear (n.) a sweet, juicy, edible fruit The happy pair began to pare the juicy pears, preparing them for bottling.
Apply these words as you complete Exercise 6-20 on the template diskette.
Spelling Words Correctly Directions: Master the spelling of the following words. Write each word as dictated by your instructor and provide a definition for each word.
WORD SYLLABICATION^ LEARNING KEY
1. encyclopedia en cy do pe di a find^ cyclo^ in^ encyclopedia (n.) set of books giving information on all branches of knowledge; book treating a topic fully
- enthusiastic^ en thu si as tic (adj.) eagerly interested; full of zeal
- environmental en vi ron men tal
see si as a tic
ron in environmental (adj.) having to do with conditions, influences, and surroundings affecting living things
- epilepsy ep i lep sy a pile in epilepsy (n.) chronic disorder of the nervous system characterized by convulsions and unconsciousness
- especially es pe cial ly (adv.) chiefly, more than others; particularly
special between e and ly
- extension ex ten sion sion, not tion, ends extension (n.) addition; stretching; telephone connected to main telephone
- extraordinary ex traor di nar y extra and ordinary compose extraordinary (adj.) beyond what is usual; remarkable; exceptional
- familiar fa mil iar a familiar liar (adj.) (^) well known; ordinary; (n.) close associate
- government (^) gov em ment to govern is government (n.) (^) rule or authority of a country, state, or district
- grammar gram mar mar in grammar (n.) (^) study of words and correct usage of words; rules of correct usage 11. grateful (^) grate ful grate as in "grates on my nerves" (adj.) feeling kindly because of favor received; thankful; welcome
- guarantee guar an tee (^) guard your guarantee (n.) (^) promise to repair or replace purchased product; (v.) to promise to repair; stand back of
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Apply these spelling words as you complete Exercise 6-21 on the template diskette. 11111M11111•
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Selecting the Correct Word
Directions: In each of the following sentences, select the correct words from those given in parentheses.
Write your choice from the first group of two or three words on the first blank line to the right of the sen-
tence (Choice A) and your choice from the second group on the second blank line (Choice B).
CHOICE A CHOICE B
- Several (incidence/incidents) of miscommunication have contributed to the declining (moral/morale) of the company.
- Able to (incite/insight) the (noisy/nosy) crowd into action, Joan led the demonstration down Campus Drive.
- Our insurance company will (indemnify/indemnity) beneficiaries based on statistics from the (mortality/mortally) table.
- Rene has an (ingenious/ingenuous) method of getting people to help her, but she has a tendency to (overdo/overdue) her charm.
- Does the -family portrait look better on the (mantel/mantle) (or/nor) on the bookcase?
- The Red Cross has the (material/materiel) all (packed/pact) and ready for shipment to the hurricane victims.
- (May be/Maybe) in this (instance/instants), we should reconsider our initial bid.
- Evan Thomas has agreed to (mediate/meditate) the dis- agreement and to (meat/meet/mete) out justice to both sides.
- The (monetary/monitory) (loose/lose/loss) to insurance companies from the tornado mounted into the millions.
- All (naval/navel) personnel will help load the (ordinance/ordnance) on the ship at 0800 tomorrow.
- The smiling (pair/pare/pear) radiated happiness as the (marital/martial) ceremonies began.
- His face went (pail/pale) as (pain/pane) shot up his arm.
CHAPTER (^6) • (^) PREFIXES -
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Review: Business and Computer Terminology Directions: Review the business-related and computer-related terminology introduced in Exercises 108 and 109. Read each definition below, then circle the word that is defined. Part 1 reviews business-related terminology, and Part 2 concentrates on computer-related terminology.
PART 1. PART 2. BUSINESS-RELATED TERMINOLOGY COMPUTER-RELATED TERMINOLOGY
- The fees employers and employees pay for insur- 9.^ The presenting of a document in its final edited ance coverage are (coinsurance / copayments / form is (desktop publishing / formatting / premiums). justification).
- Another name for prescription medicine is 10. Alignment of text flush against the right-hand (capitation / fee for service / formularies). margin is (cut and paste / justification / kerning).
- A medical condition that existed before insur- 11. Font files contained on a diskette and down- ance coverage begins is (deductible / preexisting loaded into a document are (soft fonts / styles / condition / utilization review). typeface).
- The total annual amount an employee pays 12. The size of a particular character is known by before the insurance begins payment is the its (font / kerning / point size). (copayment / deductible / indemnity insurance). 13. A set of characters that provide the appearance
- Also known as a gatekeeper, this person is the of type is the (attributes / font / kerning). insured's (capitation / primary care physician / 14. Special features, such as underlining, bolding, utilization review). and italics, are the (attributes / styles / typeface).
- The small fee paid each time the patient visits^ 15.^ The process of moving text around is (cut and a doctor is the (coinsurance / copayment / paste / desktop publishing / formatting). deductible). 16. The space between letters on a printed line is
- A form given by the primary doctor that enables (kerning / point size / typeface).
the insured to visit a specialist is a (premium / referral / utilization review).
- The process used by insurance companies to
decide if they will approve treatment is the (capitation / referral / utilization review).
