Docsity
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Docsity AI
Docsity AI
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search for your university

Find the specific documents for your university's exams

Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

Natural Evolution - Evolution by Natural Process, Exams of Advanced Education

Kabarak UniversityAdvanced Education

An overview of the key concepts and principles related to natural evolution and the theory of evolution by natural selection. It covers topics such as the mechanisms of natural selection, the evidence supporting evolutionary theory, the contributions of scientists like charles darwin and alfred wallace, the role of genetic variation and mutation, the concepts of dominance and recessiveness, and the mathematical models that explain the evolution of continuous traits. The document delves into the fundamental principles of genetics, including the structure and function of dna, the process of meiosis and mitosis, and the importance of heritability and phenotypic variation. It also explores the impact of mutations on protein function and the redundancy in the genetic code. Overall, this document offers a comprehensive understanding of the scientific foundations of evolutionary theory and the mechanisms that drive the process of natural evolution.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 07/31/2024

professoraxel
professoraxel 🇺🇸

3.2

(43)

16K documents

1 / 8

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
BIO 182 ASU Exam 1 With 100% Correct
Answers 2024
Key Point 1 - Correct Answer-Even the most desperate organisms share some features,
suggesting that the single, nine random process generated diversity.
True or False #1: biodiversity on earth will likely decrease in the near future. - Correct
Answer-True! Fingerprints of human activity, spread of an invasive species, Rapid
change and global climate, habitat destruction, Deforestation
What are the Three World Views? - Correct Answer-1. Natural Evolution - Evolution by
natural process2. Theistic Evolution - Evolution guided by God3. Creation - Species
created by God
True or False #3: Scientists believe in Evolution even though they currently lack
evidence for the theory. - Correct Answer-False! Based on know mechanisms: Natural
Selection, Mutation, and Genetic Drift
Key Point 2 - Correct Answer-Biologists accept evolutionary theory because its
predictions match observations.
True or False #4: Extreme temperatures of 2015 are sufficient evidence to conclude that
Earth is warming. - Correct Answer-False! Not enough data to show a trend
Key Point 3 - Correct Answer-When something varies over space and time, one must
compare sufficient samples to quantify effects accurately.
What does Replicating Observations do? - Correct Answer-Increases reliability of
pattern.
What does Controling Conditions do? - Correct Answer-Isolates effects of certain
factors.
What does randomizing subjects do? - Correct Answer-Decreases risk of bias from
uncontrolled factors.
What is Creationism and Catastrophism? - Correct Answer-All species created in six
days, Earth is 6,000 years old, species fixed, extinctions from catastrophe. Leading
Biologist/ Paleontologist who championed this science/theory/belief Georges Cuvier
(1769-1832).
True or False #5: Darwin's worldview when leaving England would best be described as
Creationism. - Correct Answer-True! Based on the fact that Creationism was the
dominant world view at his place and time and that he was studying for religious life.
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8

Partial preview of the text

Download Natural Evolution - Evolution by Natural Process and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!

BIO 182 ASU Exam 1 With 100% Correct

Answers 2024

Key Point 1 - Correct Answer-Even the most desperate organisms share some features, suggesting that the single, nine random process generated diversity. True or False #1: biodiversity on earth will likely decrease in the near future. - Correct Answer-True! Fingerprints of human activity, spread of an invasive species, Rapid change and global climate, habitat destruction, Deforestation What are the Three World Views? - Correct Answer-1. Natural Evolution - Evolution by natural process2. Theistic Evolution - Evolution guided by God3. Creation - Species created by God True or False #3: Scientists believe in Evolution even though they currently lack evidence for the theory. - Correct Answer-False! Based on know mechanisms: Natural Selection, Mutation, and Genetic Drift Key Point 2 - Correct Answer-Biologists accept evolutionary theory because its predictions match observations. True or False #4: Extreme temperatures of 2015 are sufficient evidence to conclude that Earth is warming. - Correct Answer-False! Not enough data to show a trend Key Point 3 - Correct Answer-When something varies over space and time, one must compare sufficient samples to quantify effects accurately. What does Replicating Observations do? - Correct Answer-Increases reliability of pattern. What does Controling Conditions do? - Correct Answer-Isolates effects of certain factors. What does randomizing subjects do? - Correct Answer-Decreases risk of bias from uncontrolled factors. What is Creationism and Catastrophism? - Correct Answer-All species created in six days, Earth is 6,000 years old, species fixed, extinctions from catastrophe. Leading Biologist/ Paleontologist who championed this science/theory/belief Georges Cuvier (1769-1832). True or False #5: Darwin's worldview when leaving England would best be described as Creationism. - Correct Answer-True! Based on the fact that Creationism was the dominant world view at his place and time and that he was studying for religious life.

What did Charles Lyell contribute to science in the context of Darwinian Evolution? - Correct Answer-Charles Lyell believed in the old earth ideologies and slow and gradual change. (Old Earth theory - billions and billions of years old) What do Charles Darwin, Charles Lyell, and Alfred Wallace have in common? - Correct Answer-They all believed in natural selection and came up with theories about it. Key Point 4 - Correct Answer-Darwin abandoned a theory of Creationism for a theory of evolution that better explained his observations about life. True or False #6: Darwin could not have proposed natural selection without abandoning the idea of creation. - Correct Answer-False. Theistic Evolution could have been his world view. What book did Darwin write? - Correct Answer-On the Origin of Species What are phenotypes? - Correct Answer-physical traits True or False #7: Natural Selection occurs whenever some individuals reproduce more than others. - Correct Answer-False! Not the only element that you need. The offspring has to be similar to parents (heritable). What are the necessary conditions of Natural Selection? - Correct Answer-1. Heritable Variation

  1. Differences in Reproduction Key Point 5 - Correct Answer-Natural Selection occurs whenever heritable phenotypes cause some individuals to reproduce more than others. True or False #8: Organisms evolve by natural selection. - Correct Answer-False! Not organism but the population. True or False: Unlike Wallace, Darwin did not believe that natural selection required variation among individuals. - Correct Answer-False True or False: Wallace used induction to develop a model of evolution by natural selection. - Correct Answer-True True or False: Unlike Wallace, Darwin's conceived his theory of evolution without observing species living on islands. - Correct Answer-False True or False: Both Darwin and Wallace must have assumed that differences among individuals were passed onto their offspring. - Correct Answer-True

What model did Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884) to visualize and represent genotypes and phenotypes? - Correct Answer-Punnet Square! (Capital Letter reps Dominant Allele; Lower Case Letter reps Recessive Allele) True or False #11: If some plants with round peas were heterozygotes (Aa), then these plants should produce offspring with wrinkled peas when mated to plants with wrinkled peas (aa). - Correct Answer-True! (Aa X aa = 2 Aa and 2 aa) Why do experiments?:1. Why Replicate observations?2. Why Control conditions?3. Why Randomize Subjects? - Correct Answer-1. Increases reliability of patterns2. Isolates effects of certain factors3. Decreases bias from uncontrolled factors incomplete dominance - Correct Answer-Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele Codiminance - Correct Answer-situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism (spotted cows e.g.) Probability - Correct Answer-likelihood that a particular event will occur Will you ever get exactly 75% Dominant phenotype (genotype - AA or Aa) and 25% recessive phenotype (genotype - aa) with a two heterozygote parents (Aa)? - Correct Answer-No, because there will always be discrepancy/imperfection is due to random events. True or False #12: If two heterozygotes mate to produce two offspring, the chance that both offspring are homozygous recessive equals 50%. - Correct Answer-False! What is a P-Value? - Correct Answer-The probability of the observed deviation from the what we expect or a greater deviation, when the model is correct. (Due to sampling error not the model, because the model is correct) Key Point #9 - Correct Answer-A statistical test estimates the probability of obtaining a certain deviation from predictions based on sampling errors.

  1. Why is the yellow pea a dominant allele?2. Why is the green pea recessive? - Correct Answer-1. The yellow pea contains Pheide a Oxygenase (PAO), an enzyme that breaks down green color chlorophyll. And it allows for the production of functional pheide a oxygenase.2. The green peas are recessive alleles, because they have a nonfunctional pheide a oxygenase that does not break down the green color chlorophyll. True or False # 13: If a heterozygote (Aa) makes enough enzymes to catalyze as many reactions as a homozygotes (AA) can, these genotypes would have the same phenotypes. - Correct Answer-True! In this situation half as much enzymes can still do it, but may take more time. (Enzymes bind to substrate but never are used up)

Key Point #10 - Correct Answer-Dominance results from biochemical process involving enzymes associated with the gene. True or False #14: If a heterozygote (Aa) makes some enzymes, but not enough to catalyze as many reactions as a homozygote (AA) can, all genotypes would have the same phenotype (AA=Aa=aa). - Correct Answer-false True or False #15: If a male fly carries a recessive allele for white eyes, he could have either white eyes or red eyes. - Correct Answer-false, they would be red Discrete genes - Correct Answer-traits controlled by a small number of genes, typically just two alleles. E.G. eye color. continuous genes - Correct Answer-traits that are controlled by complex gene expressions, with many different alleles, often times hundreds of different genes play a factor. The environment can effect these. E.G. height. Heritability - Correct Answer-The percentage of phenotypic variation determined by the additive effects of the alleles. E.G. how much will parents' height effect their offspring's height. True or False #16: A genotype with many alleles that contribute to height will be taller than a genotype with many alleles that detract from height. - Correct Answer-true! True or False #16: A mutation on a sex chromosome is more likely to create a novel phenotype in a male than in a female. - Correct Answer-True! The males only have one "X" chromosome which means that the mutation on the "X" would be more likely to express the particular allele. Key Point #11 - Correct Answer-When the female has recessive alleles and the male has a dominant allele, only female offspring will have the dominant phenotype. What did Sir Ronald Fisher (1890-1962) do for science? - Correct Answer-Fisher put together Mendelian genetics and Darwinian Natural Selection and married the two. He put them together mathematically in a way that argued that you could take alleles that create continuous traits and could cause these traits to evolve by natural selection. Additive Model of Genetics; i.e. Height True or False #18: A trait with heritability of 25% can evolve more rapidly than trait with a heritability of 50%. - Correct Answer-False! Natural Selection requires two things: 1) Phenotypic Selection and 2) Heritability. The more heritability your have the more likely that the trait can evolve. Key Point #12 - Correct Answer-Effects of many alleles sum to cause continuous heritable variation. (This is why we have the appearance of "blending", because we do

insertion mutation - Correct Answer-a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are inserted into a gene. This results in all the nucleotides after that being pushed down the line, completely changing the sequence. deletion mutation - Correct Answer-a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene. This results in the nucleotide sequence being completely messed up. Key Point #13 - Correct Answer-Mutation rates evolve according to the benefit of variation and the cost of tinkering with proteins. True or False #20: In a rapidly changing environment, a population would likely benefit from more frequent mutation. - Correct Answer-true dominant - Correct Answer-when one copy of an allele determines the phenotype of the individual recessive - Correct Answer-when two copies of an allele determines the phenotype of the individual Heterozygous - Correct Answer-when an individual carries two different alleles for a gene homozygous - Correct Answer-when an individual carries two identical alleles for a gene homologous - Correct Answer-when two chromosomes contain the same genes heritable - Correct Answer-when the variation in a phenotype depends on genes diploid - Correct Answer-when a cell contains two copies of each chromosome haploid - Correct Answer-when a cell contains one copy of each chromosome why is the polarity of amino acids important when dealing with mutations? - Correct Answer-because a mutation changing an amino acid from polar to non-polar or vise- versa can omit the protein's function. this makes the mutation not beneficial I there a redundancy in base pairs of condones and amino acids? - Correct Answer-yes, in the third base especially what is a silent mutation? - Correct Answer-A Silent Mutation is a change in a nucleotide of a codon, but no change in the Amino Acid coded for which doesn't hurt or benefit the protein. True or False #21: A point mutation in the third position of a codon is more likely to change the structure of the protein synthesized from the gene. - Correct Answer-false

Key Point #14 - Correct Answer-The genetic code evolved to minimize the effect of each mutation on the phenotype.