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NCLEX ARCHER Cardiovascular System
1. Purpose of cardiovascular system: sends blood to tissues
2. Components of Cardio System: heart and blood vessels
3. mediastinum: area where heart in located
above diaphragm and between lungs
4. heart wall: epicardium: outer smooth layer
Myocardium: thickest layer of muscle endocardium: innermost layer
5. Pericardium: the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart
6. Pericardial Space: space between parietal and visceral layers that contains pericardial fluid
7. Chambers of Heart: Atria and Ventricles
8. Atria: -receives blood from veins
-sends blood to ventricles
9. Ventricles: -receieves blood from atria
-sends blood to arteries
10. Valves of Hearts: Atrioventricular Valves (AV)
-one way flow of blood from atria to ventricles -R: tricuspid valve -L: biscuspid (mitral) valve Semilunar Valves
2 / -one way flow from ventricles to pulm. artery or aorta -pulmonic semilunar valve -aortic semilunar valve
11. Blood flow through the heart: R. atrium (deoxygenated), tricuspid valve, R. ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary
veins (now oxygenated), L. atrium, mitral valve, L ventricle, aorta, body
12. Coronary Vessels: -supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients
-right and left coronary artery
13. Cardiac Cycle: Systole
-ventricles contract and send blood out to body Diastole -ventricles relax and fill up with blood from atria
14. How does heart know when to contract and relax?: action potenial
-explosion of electrical activity that is created by a depolarizing current -depolarizing: contraction -repolarization: relaxation
15. How do we assess electrical activity in the heart?: EKG
16. EKG meaning (waves): P wave
-atrial depolarization QRS Complex -ventricular depolarization T wave -Ventricular repolarization
17. Normal PR Interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
18. Normal QRS: 0.12 sec
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25. Preload: amount of blood returning to right side of heart
more volume = more preload
26. afterload: pressure against which the L ventricle must pump to eject blood
higher BP = higher afterload
27. compliance: how easily heart muscle exapnds when filled with blood
28. contractility: stregth of contraction of heart muscle
29. ejection fraction: amount of blood ejected per heartbeat
normal: 55% or higher indicator of ventricular function
30. stroke volume: volume of blood pumped out of ventricles with each contraction
determined by preload, afterload, contractility
31. cardiac output: amount of blood heart pumps out per minute
SV x HR = CO
32. Why is cardiac output important?: Tissue perfusion End organ
function Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to each and every cell in the body
33. causes of decreased cardiac output: bradycardia
arrhythmias
5 / hypotension MI Cardiac muscle disease
34. causes of increased cardiac output: increased blood volume tachycardia
ACE, ARBs, nitrates, inotropes
35. Peripheral Venous Disease: inadequate venous return over a long period uneven wound
edges, swelling Treat: elevate leg and proper wound care
36. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): a clot formation in a deep vein redness,
swelling, warmth, tenderness to area Treatment: anticoagulants Prevention: SCD's, encourage mobility, ted hose
37. Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: tumor compressing SVC
headache, blurry vision, dyspnea, upper extremity edema, distention of veins above chest oncologic emergency
38. Atherosclerosis: hardening of the arteries can
cause thrombosis, vasoconstriction, ischemia common cause of CVA and coronary artery diease
39. Hypertension: high blood pressure
dizzy, angina, SOB, nosebleeds, HA, vision changes OR asymptomatic HTN complications:
7 / elevation - STEMI No ST segment elevation - non-STEMI
47. Myocardial Infarction Assessment: chest pain, radiating pain to left arm/jaw, elevation in troponin, epigastric
discomfort/indigestion, fatigue, SOB, vomiting
48. Myocardial Infarction Treatment: cath lab to open artery
MONA
- oxygen
- nitro
- morphine
- aspirin
49. Myocardial Infarction Education: Diet
-low fat, salt, cholesterol Exercise
50. Pericarditis: inflammation of pericarditis sharp
chest pain, tachypnea, fever, chills, weakness Treatment
51. Pericardial Effusion: collection of fluid in pericardial sac chest pain,
muffled heart sounds Treatment
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52. Cardiac Tamponade: blood, fluid, exudate leaking into pericadial sac chest pain,
SOB, muffled/distant heart sounds, JVD, narrowed pulse pressure Treatment
- pericardiocentesis
- surgery
53. Cardiomyopathy: disease of the myocardial tissue
54. Endocarditis: infection and inflammation of the endocardium, especially the cardiac valves
Treatment
55. Heart Failure: the inability to pump enough blood to meet body's needs
right or left HF
56. Left-sided heart failure: left side of heart cannot move blood to body and blood is backing up in lungs
pulmonary congestion, wet lung sounds, dyspnea, SOB, blood tinged sputum, orthopnea, S
57. Right-sided heart failure: right side of heart cannot move blood forward to lungs and blood backs up in body
JVD, dependent edema, ascites, weight gain, fatigue, anorexia caused by left-sided heart failure
58. Treatment for Heart Failure: decrease workload of heart
