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NERVOUS SYSTEM: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND DISORDERS, Exams of Neurology

Stanford UniversityNeurology

What is the nervous system responsible for? - answer- The reception and processing of sensory information. What two organs make up the central nervous system? - answer- Brain and spinal cord. What makes up the peripheral nervous system? - answer- Nerves that carry sensory messages to the CNS and motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands. What is the difference between neurons and neuroglia cells? - answer- Neurons transmit nerve impulses; neuroglia support and nourish neurons. What are the three types of neurons and their functions? - answer- Sensory: take messages to the CNS; Interneurons: receive input from sensory neurons and other interneurons; Motor: carry messages from the CNS to effectors. What are the three parts of a neuron? - answer- Cell body: contains nucleus; Dendrites: receive signals from other neurons; Axon: conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. What does the myelin sheath do for the neuron? - answer- Acts as an insulator.

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 04/08/2026

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NERVOUS SYSTEM: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND DISORDERS |
VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A* /2026-2027
What is the nervous system responsible for? - answer- The reception and processing of sensory
information.
What two organs make up the central nervous system? - answer- Brain and spinal cord.
What makes up the peripheral nervous system? - answer- Nerves that carry sensory messages to
the CNS and motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands.
What is the difference between neurons and neuroglia cells? - answer- Neurons transmit nerve
impulses; neuroglia support and nourish neurons.
What are the three types of neurons and their functions? - answer- Sensory: take messages to the
CNS; Interneurons: receive input from sensory neurons and other interneurons; Motor: carry
messages from the CNS to effectors.
What are the three parts of a neuron? - answer- Cell body: contains nucleus; Dendrites: receive
signals from other neurons; Axon: conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.
What does the myelin sheath do for the neuron? - answer- Acts as an insulator.
What are nodes of Ranvier? - answer- Gaps in the myelin sheath between Schwann cells,
important for nerve regeneration.
What is the difference between white and gray matter? - answer- Gray matter contains cell bodies
and non-myelinated fibers, found in the surface layer of the brain and central part of the spinal
cord; White matter contains myelinated axons, found deep in the brain and surrounding gray
matter in the spinal cord.
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NERVOUS SYSTEM: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND DISORDERS |

VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A* /2026-

What is the nervous system responsible for? - answer- The reception and processing of sensory information. What two organs make up the central nervous system? - answer- Brain and spinal cord. What makes up the peripheral nervous system? - answer- Nerves that carry sensory messages to the CNS and motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands. What is the difference between neurons and neuroglia cells? - answer- Neurons transmit nerve impulses; neuroglia support and nourish neurons. What are the three types of neurons and their functions? - answer- Sensory: take messages to the CNS; Interneurons: receive input from sensory neurons and other interneurons; Motor: carry messages from the CNS to effectors. What are the three parts of a neuron? - answer- Cell body: contains nucleus; Dendrites: receive signals from other neurons; Axon: conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. What does the myelin sheath do for the neuron? - answer- Acts as an insulator. What are nodes of Ranvier? - answer- Gaps in the myelin sheath between Schwann cells, important for nerve regeneration. What is the difference between white and gray matter? - answer- Gray matter contains cell bodies and non-myelinated fibers, found in the surface layer of the brain and central part of the spinal cord; White matter contains myelinated axons, found deep in the brain and surrounding gray matter in the spinal cord.

What are nerve impulses measured in? - answer- Millivolts of electricity. What causes the resting potential in an axon? - answer- Unequal distribution of ions across the membrane when the axon is not conducting an impulse. What is the order of ion channels that open during an action potential? - answer- Sodium channels open first, followed by potassium channels. How does an action potential differ in myelinated vs non-myelinated axons? - answer- Non- myelinated axons: action potential travels one small section at a time; Myelinated axons: action potential jumps from node to node (saltatory conduction). Where are synapses located? - answer- At the region where each terminal lies close to the dendrite or cell body of another neuron or to a muscle cell. What is the role of neurotransmitters in relaying an action potential? - answer- They facilitate communication between neurons. What is synaptic integration? - answer- The summing up of excitatory and inhibitory signals. What happens to neurotransmitters after they are released into the synapse? - answer- They are removed from the cleft. What are the two major functions of the CNS? - answer- Receive sensory information and initiate motor control. Where is gray and white matter located in the spinal cord? - answer- Gray matter is centrally located; white matter surrounds the gray.

What does the pons do? - answer- Contains bundles of axons traveling between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS What is the role of the medulla oblongata? - answer- Regulates vital functions such as heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure What is the function of the limbic system? - answer- Emotions and higher mental functions like reason or memory What does the hippocampus do? - answer- Communicates with the prefrontal area of the brain involved in learning and memory What is the function of the amygdala? - answer- Allows us to respond to and display anger How do you make memories and learn things? - answer- The limbic system indicates that cortical areas may work with lower centers to produce memories What are the three types of long-term memories? - answer- Semantic, Episodic, Skill memories How are some memories tied to emotions? - answer- The amygdala is responsible for fear conditioning, associating danger with sensory stimuli What is the composition of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? - answer- Mainly composed of nerves and ganglia throughout the body How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? - answer- 12 pairs How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? - answer- 31 pairs

What are the two systems of the PNS? - answer- Somatic and autonomic systems What does the somatic nervous system do? - answer- Responsible for involuntary reflexes and voluntary actions What is a reflex arc? - answer- Enables the body to react swiftly to stimuli under no conscious control How is the autonomic nervous system different from the somatic nervous system? - answer- It regulates the activity of cardiac and smooth muscle glands What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for? - answer- The 'fight or flight' response What does the sympathetic nervous system release? - answer- Epinephrine What is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for? - answer- The 'rest and digest' response What does the parasympathetic nervous system release? - answer- Acetylcholine What are the effects of nicotine on the body? - answer- Release of epinephrine and dopamine, increased blood sugar levels What does alcohol influence in the body? - answer- GABA and other neurotransmitters What are the effects of cannabis on the body? - answer- Feeling of contentment, influences short term memory processing, anxiety, paranoia

What is wrong with nervous tissue in spinal cord injuries? - answer- Little or no nerve regeneration occurs in the CNS What are the symptoms of ALS? - answer- Incurable, most die within 5 years, cell death What is wrong with nervous tissue in ALS? - answer- Affects the motor nerves of the spinal cord