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Modula 2Yons villi SMM beat Jedd from Medullo 0 Ptr tulle spinal cord, of neervors wbhich cortuibuteto vital = It consist ceutye. eur Gi) Cardiac coubre - Covsrol nate ard Breed conrad, (1) Rowprrettony covbre - Coutad sate & Aoptnof ceria (id Vedomotar contre - Coutrot diameter of, Blood Vesely, (w) ee ae? . coughing, nur dina. Swell ces. Pons villi: Gitrated b/w wid bain and medulla, on Font ce covebellum. Courain Wo. Bk newe fovea woluidh oun vetoally well as horizeudelly . and Corpora quadajgemivn. iam porianst, fundions in wetor movemnbls , movements o tye, aud m auditory oudine . | Table 41.7 Comparison of the main di | thoracolumbar division of the ANS 1. It is also called (F, t0 La or) 2. Preganglionic fibres: short and myelinated. 3. Postganglionic nerves are long and non-myelinated. 4, Sympathetic activity is spread over many segments. 5. It prepares the individual to cope with the emergency, i.e. prepare for either flight ox fight reactions. For example, its stimulation causes: (i) Relaxes accommodation and dilates the pupil (letting more light into the eyes) (ii) Increases heart rate and blood pressure (providing better perfusion of the vital organs and muscles) (iii) Constricts skin blood vessels (limits bleeding from wounds) (iv) Decreases threshold in reticular formation (reinforcing the alert and arousal states) (v) Increases blood glucose and FFA levels (supplying more energy) Due to these actions the division of ANS is sometimes known as catabolic nervous system. 6. The major transmitter released between pre and postganglionic fibres is A-ch whereas at postganglionic endings is usually nor-epinephrine (Fig, 41.15). Fig. 41,15 Central nervous system lifferences between two divisions of th ie ANS sympathetic Component 1. It is also called crani sacral nm of the ANS () Cranial outflow is via IIL, VIL IX and X cranial, (ii) Sacral outflow is via pelvic branches of s spinal nerves. aa eve A 2. Preganglionic fibres: long and myelinated 3. Postganglionic nerves are short and non-myelinateg ed, 4. Parasympathetic effect is localised, i.e. target is usually a single organ or system. 5. It is concerned with vegetative aspect of day-to-g, living. For example, (i) its action favours digestion and absorption of food by (a) increasing activity of intestinal muscul lay ature (b) increasing gastric secretion and relaxing ani sphincter. (ii) dilates sexual erectile tissues (iii) slows down body activities by decreasing heart rate and force of contraction (iv) favours storage of absorbed nutrients by increasing glyogen synthesis and insulin secretion. Therefore, sometimes, this division is referred to as anabolic nervous system. 6. The major neurotransmitter released at pre and postganglionic nerve endings is A-ch. Peripheral nervous system Effector organs ¥ Acetylcholine Ganglion e Wy Skeletal | at muscle | ——— | ‘a xD fa (2 SSeS ee Smooth \ muscle | Acetylcholine Sa Adrenal medulla Epinephrine and norepinephrine Blood vessel Acetylcholine Cardiac | \ muscle | Ganglion Transmitter used in various components of the peripheral nervous system AC e kt >Nat (wArxcdam) iy © Nenalively Chou piri taur Si J Anion >Cation4 = Axoplarm (i vitvocellular Musa ) 2. DVepolatintd wrerv prare bor be a. 7 - A ZA MAA Fa) ADyave oy / j 3, Kepoprice A vitwravé | ) aise Sishab peutntse me i 9 Polaused membrane —3Nat (Aare cdtiviy) —“Leodey channels all § + 4 + ee Relay. membrane poids 7omy) * 1. Na? —k* pump nema aitinee Active -ramxport ootu, © for AATP (2Nat aud2K*) A xolewma 2.1) Chamnels ° a. ee ° paselve Sor ————— “sepa ‘Pama taadit ca Coutinue ite? Lak ore oan "Mare peam Petimeable for Na* thun k* ) ” z “valigge (fate. - Kt aca Vlitenghc gad axised membrane or Aretion paige +20mV.... . | SS — = ~~ a Qa [VICUAD ah , an > y A -charnel ge ed & k channel willl Open. 
