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ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET
STUDENT DETAILS
Student ID Reg No. 40
Family Name Manandhar Given Name Shreejan
Enrolment Year 2020 Section B
Semester First Email shreejanmanandhar@ismt.
edu.np
UNIT DETAILS
Unit Title Networking Unit Code H/615/
Assessor Name Roshan Kandel Issued Date 05/27/
Assignment Title Banking System
Assignment No 1/1 Submission
Date
Qualification BTech HND in Computing Campus ISMT
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF
MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY
STUDENT ASSESSMENT SUBMISSION AND
DECLARATION
When submitting evidence for assessment, each student must sign a declaration confirming that the work is their own. Student Name Shreejan Manandhar Assessor Name Roshan Kandel Issue Date 04/26/2021 Submission Date 08/09/ Programme BSC HND in Computing Unit Name Networking Assignment Title Banking System Plagiarism Plagiarism is a particular form of cheating. Plagiarism must be avoided at all costs and students who break the rules, however innocently, may be penalized. It is your responsibility to ensure that you understand correct referencing practices. As a university level student, you are expected to use appropriate references throughout and keep carefully detailed notes of all your sources of materials for material you have used in your work, including any material downloaded from the Internet. Please consult the relevant unit lecturer or your course tutor if you need any further advice. Student Declaration Pearson Education 2018 Higher Education Qualifications I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student signature: Date:
- ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET..............................................................................................
- Part 1..........................................................................................................................................
- Network..................................................................................................................................
- Types of Networks:............................................................................................................
- Network Topology.................................................................................................................
- Bus Topology.....................................................................................................................
- Star Topology...................................................................................................................
- Ring Topology..................................................................................................................
- Mesh Topology................................................................................................................
- Tree Topology..................................................................................................................
- Hybrid Topology..............................................................................................................
- Networking Standard............................................................................................................
- OSI Model........................................................................................................................
- TCP/IP Model..................................................................................................................
- Difference between OSI Model and TCP/IP Model........................................................
- Similarities of OSI Model and TCP/IP Model.................................................................
- Networking Protocol............................................................................................................
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)..............................................................................
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol).......................................................................................
- IP (Internet Protocol)........................................................................................................
- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)...........................................................................
- POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3).........................................................................................
- HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol).............................................................................
- DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)..............................................................
- DNS (Dynamic Name Server)..........................................................................................
- Telnet................................................................................................................................
- Networking devices..............................................................................................................
- Network Server.................................................................................................................
- Hub...................................................................................................................................
- Router...............................................................................................................................
- Repeater............................................................................................................................
- Bridge...............................................................................................................................
- Modem.............................................................................................................................
- Gateway............................................................................................................................
- VPN Concentrator............................................................................................................
- Switch...............................................................................................................................
- Firewall.............................................................................................................................
- Access Point.....................................................................................................................
- Load Balancer...................................................................................................................
- Content Filtering..............................................................................................................
- Packet Shaper...................................................................................................................
- HIDs.................................................................................................................................
- Interdependence of Networking software and hardware......................................................
- Network Server.....................................................................................................................
- Types of Servers:..............................................................................................................
- Range of Server................................................................................................................
- Comparison Chart.............................................................................................................
- Part 2........................................................................................................................................
- Introduction..........................................................................................................................
- Network Design....................................................................................................................
- IT Table................................................................................................................................
- IP Table of IT Department (5 Computers):......................................................................
- IP Table of Finance Planning Department (14 Computers):............................................
- IP Table of HR Department (4 Computers):....................................................................
- IP Table of Management Department (13 Computers):...................................................
- IP Table of Account Department (7 Computers):............................................................
- The Server and Devices used in Diagram:...........................................................................
- Router...............................................................................................................................
- Switch...............................................................................................................................
- Server...............................................................................................................................
- DNS Server......................................................................................................................
- Access point.....................................................................................................................
- Firewall.............................................................................................................................
- DHCP...............................................................................................................................
- Testing and Evaluating:........................................................................................................
- Lab reports:...........................................................................................................................
- Installation and configuration steps of domain controller:...............................................
- Installation and configuration steps of DHCP:.................................................................
Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 67 References................................................................................................................................ 68
Part 1
Your manager has given you the task of preparing a report on the concepts related to networking principles and topology, devices and their operating principles and proposing a topology that will be suitable for the scenario. You will need to include some elements of theory:
_1. A discussion of the various benefits and constraints relating to different network types and standards.
- An explanation of the impact different network topologies have on communication and bandwidth requirements._ You could also include a brief comparison of common networking principles and explain how protocols enable the effectiveness of networked systems. You also need to explore the various networking devices and their operating principles. ● You will need to produce a discussion of the operating principles of the main networking devices and server types and relate this to the interdependence of workstation hardware to the appropriate networking software. You could also explore a range of available server types, choose and justify a suitable server for the requirements specification the company has given you with due regard to cost and performance optimization. At the end of the report, you have to select a topology and protocol for implementing the system. You could also critically evaluate the topology protocol selected, for a given scenario to
- Each node has equal privileges to access the resources of its own and other nodes connected to the network.
- It is suitable for small sized network which has maximum 10 nodes. Disadvantages:
- Its performance becomes very poor for large size network (10 nodes).
- There is no central administration and monitoring mechanism for the network.
- Network security problems due to equal privileges of the nodes.
- There is no central backup and recovery mechanism, each node is responsibility to maintain its own backup.
Client Server Network Architecture
In this architecture, there are two types of computers, one is server and the other is client. Server is the main computer in a network that controls, manages and provides various services to the client such as print server, file server, database server, mail server and web server. Server is a very high-performance computer and it is very expensive too. A client is normal workstation that is connected to server. A client requests for services to the server and the server responses for the respective services. Network resources are centralized to the server so all the network activities such as data storage, data processing, data transferring etc. are carried out through server. It is based on request response mechanism. Advantages:
- It is easier for centralized administration, controlling and monitoring the entire network from server.
- It provides centralized backup and recovery features so it is considered as more secure and reliable architecture.
- It is easier for managing the large size network (more than 10 computers). Disadvantages:
- It is more expensive due to dedicated server and additional network utilities and network operating system such as MS windows Server, UNIX or LINUX, etc.
- There may be maximum data traffic at server so there may be chance of data collision.
- Resources are centralized to the server, so if any problem occurs in the server, then entire network will down.
- If there is problem in bus then the entire network goes down.
- It is very difficult to find out the fault in the bus.
Star Topology
Computers in the network are connected to each other with the help of central connecting device hub or switch or server. It is based on client server architecture. The communication is done thorough the central server with the help of hub or switch in the entire network. The hub controls traffic on the network. It is the most popular and widely used topology for LAN. Fig: Star Topology
Advantage of Star topology
- It is simple, reliable and easy to set up and re-configuration.
- It is flexible to connect new computer and remove existing computer in the network.
- It is very easy to find out fault because of the use of hub or switch.
- If any computer in the network goes down, then other computers can continue their functions.
Disadvantage of Star topology:
- It requires very large amount of cable.
- It is expensive topology because of cables and networking device hub or switch.
- If there is any problem in central device or hub switch then the entire network will be down.
- The data traffic is high in central device hub so there may be chance of data collision.
Ring Topology
Computer are interconnected to each other by making a closed circular structure that means each computer is connected to other two adjacent computers in either side. It is based on peer-to-peer network architecture. Communication is done in single direction only. When one computer receives the message, then it compares the destination address of the message and its own address, if it matches then it accepts the message otherwise the message is retransmitted to the next computer in the network. Fig: Ring Topology
Advantage of Ring Topology:
- It is simple and inexpensive topology.
- There is less chance of data collision because of unidirectional data transmission.
- There is no server so each computer has equal access facilities to the resources.
- Its performance is better than bus topology for small sized network.
Disadvantage of topology:
- It is not flexible topology so it is difficult for adding and removing new nodes.
- It is not suitable for large size network (not more than 10 nodes).
- It is very difficult to find out the errors in the network.
Tree Topology
Tree topology is the extension of bus or star topology. So, to extends the branches of bus or star topology allowing more stations to access the bus. The computers are arranged in a distinct hierarchical structure. Data can flow from top to bottom and vice versa. A break in the bus is very difficult to locate. Fig: Tree topology
Advantage of Tree topology:
- It is easy to manage as per our needs because of many subnetworks or units.
- It is very flexible so we can add and remove any number of nodes.
- It is easier to find the fault nodes or hubs in the network.
- It makes easier to isolate and assign priorities into different level of units.
Disadvantage of Tree topology:
- The failure of root node will cause the failure of entire network.
- It is expensive because of large amounts of cables and network devices (hubs or switch).
- The data traffic is high at root node so there may be chance of data collision.
Hybrid Topology
If two or more topologies are combined together then it is called hybrid topology. So, it is very difficult to design and to implement the hybrid topology. It is expensive too. Because we need to install additional network devices such as router or gateway. Fig: Hybrid topology
Data link Layer
It is responsible for moving frames from one node to another node. It provides different facilities such as physical addressing, data farming, flow control, error control, access control, etc. It also helps to detect errors that may occur in the physical layer.
Network Layer
It is responsible for delivery of packets from source host to destination host. It provides different facilities such as logical addressing, routing, etc. It is the agent for establishing connection between heterogenous networking systems. It also includes operational control procedures for inner-networking communication as well as routing information through multiple networks.
Transport Layer
It is responsible for delivery of message from one application to another application. It provides different facilities such as service point addressing, segmentation, reassembly, connection control, flow control, error control, etc. It divides the message into blocks and transport them.
Session Layer
The Session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization between two devices. This layer provides the mechanism for organizing and structuring interaction between two applications or devices.
Presentation Layer
It is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information transmitted. It is also responsible for representation of the data to the end user or application. It includes data connection and code translation.
Application Layer
It allows application to access network services. It is completely user-oriented layer. Some of its functions are file transfer, accessing remote file, database, e-mail, etc.
TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP model is a part of the Internet Protocol Suite. This model acts as a communication protocol for computer networks and connects hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP Model helps you to determine how a specific computer should be connected to the internet and how data should be transmitted between them. It helps you to create a virtual network when multiple computer networks are connected together. The purpose of TCP/IP model is to allow communication over large distances.
Benefits of TCP/IP Model:
- It is an industry standard and open protocol with scalable architecture.
- It uses flow control, Error control and congestion control mechanisms.
- TCP provides relatively better throughput when used on modem or on LAN.
- Routers read TCP packets and provide special treatment to them.
Constraints of TCP/IP Model:
- It is difficult to setup and maintain compare to NetBEUI or IPX/SPX.
- It can be slower than IPX/SPX and NetBEUI on networks with light to medium traffic.
- Handoff overhead can be significant.
- Centralized TCP/IP domain assignment requires registration effort and cost.
- TCP/IP cannot conclude transmission without all the data in motion are being explicitly acked.
Layer of TCP/IP Model
Application Layer
Application layer interacts with an application program, which is the highest level of OSI model. The application layer is the OSI layer, which is closest to the end-user. It means the OSI application layer allows users to interact with other software application. Application layer interacts with software applications to implement a communicating component. The interpretation of data by the application program is always outside the scope of the OSI model. Example of the application layer is an application such as file transfer, email, remote login, etc.
OSI Model TCP/IP Model It is developed by ISO (International Standard Organization) It is developed by ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network). OSI model provides a clear distinction between interfaces, services, and protocols. TCP/IP doesn't have any clear distinguishing points between services, interfaces, and protocols. OSI refers to Open Systems Interconnection. TCP refers to Transmission Control Protocol. OSI uses the network layer to define routing standards and protocols. TCP/IP uses only the Internet layer. OSI follows a vertical approach. TCP/IP follows a horizontal approach. OSI layers have seven layers. TCP/IP has four layers.
Difference between OSI Model and TCP/IP Model
Similarities of OSI Model and TCP/IP Model
Similarities OSI & TCP/IP Model Model Both are logical models. Structure Both are arranged as layered wise which is also called an architectural model. These models have a stack of protocols it means the protocol is arranged in every layer. Both the models have some set of protocols. Networking Both TCP/IP define standards for networking. Framework Both TCP/IP provide a framework for creating and implementing networking standards and devices. Functionality In both TCP/IP models, a single layer defines a particular functionality and set standards for that functionality only. Communication Process Both TCP/IP divide the network communication process into making their layers.
