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Networking and Electricity: Voltage, Current, Cables, and Fiber-Optics, Slides of Computer Networks

Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical UniversityComputer Networks

An introduction to networking media, covering the basics of electricity, insulators, conductors, and semi-conductors. It also explores circuit concepts and cable specifications, focusing on coaxial, shielded twisted pair (stp), and unshielded twisted pair (utp) cables. The document concludes with an overview of fiber-optic cables and their advantages, as well as wireless technologies and authentication.

Typology: Slides

2011/2012

Uploaded on 11/09/2012

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Networking Media
Semester 1 – Module 3
Module Objectives:
Define voltage, resistance, impedance, current, and circuits
Describe the specifications and performances of different types of cable
Describe coaxial cable and its advantages and disadvantages compared to other types of cable
Describe STP and UTP cable and its uses
Discuss the characteristics of straight-through, crossover, and rollover cables and where each is used
Explain the basics of fiber-optic cable
Describe how fiber-optic cables can carry light signals over long distances
Describe multimode and single-mode fiber
Describe how fiber is installed
Describe the type of connectors and equipment used with fiber-optic cable
Explain how fiber is tested to ensure that it will function properly
Discuss safety issues related to fiber optics
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Networking Media

Semester 1 – Module 3

Module Objectives:

 Define voltage, resistance, impedance, current, and circuits  Describe the specifications and performances of different types of cable  Describe coaxial cable and its advantages and disadvantages compared to other types of cable   Describe STP and UTP cable and its usesDiscuss the characteristics of straight-through, crossover, and rollover cables and where each is used  Explain the basics of fiber-optic cable  Describe how fiber-optic cables can carry light signals over long distances  Describe multimode and single-mode fiber   Describe how fiber is installedDescribe the type of connectors and equipment used with fiber-optic cable  Explain how fiber is tested to ensure that it will function properly  Discuss safety issues related to fiber optics

Basics of Electricity

 Electrons – Particles with a negative charge that orbit the nucleus  Protons – Particles with a positive charge  Neutrons – Neutral particles with no charge  Coulomb's law – Opposite charges attract and like charges repel  Voltage (force or push behind electrons)  sometimes referred to as electromotive force (EMF)  represented as V or E  measured in volts (V)  Current (flow of electrons)  represented as I  measured in Amperes (A)  flows along the path of least resistance  Wattage (power generated or consumed)  represented by W  measured in Watts (W)  Resistance (opposes the flow of electrons)  represented as R  measured in ohms (Ω)

Circuit

  • Current flows in closed loops called

circuits

  • Circuits must have three things:
    • Sources of voltage
    • Conductor
    • Closed Loop

Cable Specifications

  • Important considerations related to

performance are as follows:

  • What speeds for data transmission can be achieved?
  • Will the transmissions be digital or analog?
  • How far can a signal travel before attenuation becomes a concern?

Coaxial Cable

  • consists of a copper conductor
  • surrounded by a layer of flexible insulation
  • woven copper braid or metallic foil
    • acts as the second wire in the circuit
    • acts as a shield for the inner conductor.
    • reduces the amount of outside electromagnetic interference.
  • covering this shield is the cable jacket.

Pros & Cons of Coax

  • PROs
    • Can be run longer than STP/UTP
    • Cheaper than Fiber
    • Thinnet is cheap to install
  • CONs
    • Thicknet can be difficult and expensive to install
    • Thinnet is not supported today’s standards
    • A solid electrical connection at both ends is important to properly ground the cable
    • Poor Shielded connections can lead to connection problems

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

  • Relies on the cancellation effect produced by the twisted wire pairs to limit signal degradation caused by EMI and RFI
  • Cheapest and Fastest copper-based media
  • Very small and easy to install
  • Cat5, Cat5e, Cat
  • RJ-
  • Straight-through, Cross-over, Roll-over

Cable Types

  • Straight-through
    • Used to connect unalike devices
    • Pins Match
  • Cross-over
    • Used to connect alike devices
    • Pins Switch 1 with 3 and 2 with 6
  • Rollover
    • Use to connect to a console port
    • Pins Reverse

Fiber Modes

Wireless Technologies

    • b – 11Mbps @ 2.4GHz
    • a – 54Mbps @ 5GHz
      • Capable of 108Mbps with proprietary technology
    • g – 54Mbps @ 2.4GHz
      • Backwards compatible with “b”

Authentication and Association

  • Authentication
    • WLAN authentication occurs at Layer 2
    • Wireless Equivalency Protocol (WEP) encryption
    • 64 and 128 bit keys
  • Association
    • Association, performed after authentication, is the state that permits a client to use the services of the AP