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Chapter 23: The Internet
tiers - correct answer ✔✔To keep everything running smoothly, the Internet is broken down into groups called "_____". Tier 1, Tier 1 providers - correct answer ✔✔The main tier, called "_________", consists of a small number of companies called "________________". backbones - correct answer ✔✔The Tier 1 providers own long-distance, high-speed fiber-optic networks called "______________". network access points (NAPs) - correct answer ✔✔These backbones span the major cities of the earth (not all Tier 1 backbones go to all cities) and interconnect at special locations called "___________________________". Tier 2, Tier 2 - correct answer ✔✔"___________" providers own smaller, regional networks and must pay the Tier 1 providers. Most of the famous companies that provide Internet access to the general public are "_________" providers. Tier 3 - correct answer ✔✔"_________" providers are even more regional and connect to Tier 2 providers. Backbone routers, Backbone routers - correct answer ✔✔"______________________" connect to more than one other "______________________", creating a big, interwoven framework for communication. alternative pathways - correct answer ✔✔The key reason for interweaving the backbones of the Internet was to provide "___________________" for data if one or more of the routers went down.
TCP/IP services - correct answer ✔✔Programmers can write applications built to take advantage of the TCP/IP structure and features, creating what are called "________________" Internet service providers (ISPs) - correct answer ✔✔Every Tier 1 and Tier 2 provider leases connections to the Internet to companies called "___________________". hardware, software - correct answer ✔✔Connecting to an ISP requires two things to work perfectly: "______________" for connectivity, such as a modem and a working cable line; and "_______________", such as protocols to govern the connections and the data flow (all configured in the OS) and applications to take advantage of the various TCP/IP services. DHCP server, TCP/IP - correct answer ✔✔With most ISPs, a "_____________" will provide your computer with the proper "___________" information. default gateway - correct answer ✔✔As you know, the router to which you connect at the ISP is often referred to as the "__________________". dial up, dedicated, wireless, - correct answer ✔✔Computers commonly connect to an ISP by using one of eight technologies that fit into four categories: "___________" both analog and ISDN; "_________________" such as DSL, cable, and fiber; "______________" including Wi-Fi and cellular; and satellite. Modems - correct answer ✔✔"___________" enable computers to talk to each other via standard commercial telephone lines by converting analog signals to digital signals, and vice versa baud - correct answer ✔✔Phone lines have a speed based on a unit called a "______", which is one cycle per second. Point to Point Protocol (PPP) - correct answer ✔✔Dial-up links to the Internet have their own special hardware protocol called
"__________________________" services that provide Internet (and more), making them head-to-head competitors with the cable companies. fiber to the node (FTTN) - correct answer ✔✔With "___________", the fiber connection runs from the provider to a box somewhere in your neighborhood. This box is connected to your home or office using normal coaxial or Ethernet cabling. fiber to the premises (FTTP) - correct answer ✔✔"________" runs from the provider straight to a home or office, using fiber the whole way. high-powered directional antennas, Ethernet bridge - correct answer ✔✔Wi-Fi works well as an Internet access option for densely populated areas, but Wi-Fi's short range makes it impractical in areas where it's not easy to place new access points. In certain circumstances, you can address the range issue by using "________________________________________________" and "__________________" devices. These can give you a line-of-site wireless Internet connection up to eight miles or more. Long Term Evolution (LTE) - correct answer ✔✔Devices and networks using "______________________" technology rolled out worldwide in the early 2010s and now dominate wireless services. latency - correct answer ✔✔The only significant issue with satellite is that the distance the signal must travel creates a small delay called the satellite "____________________". Network Address Translation (NAT) - correct answer ✔✔All home routers use a technology called "___________________" to perform a little network subterfuge: It presents an entire LAN of computers to the Internet as a single machine. public IP - correct answer ✔✔All anyone on the Internet sees is your "___________" address. universal plug and play (UPnP) - correct answer ✔✔A lot of networking devices designed for the residential space use a feature called "_______________________" to seek out and connect to other UPnP devices. This feature enables seamless interconnectivity at the cost of somewhat lowered security. brick - correct answer ✔✔A quick word of caution: Unlike a Windows update, a firmware update gone bad can "_________" your router.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). - correct answer ✔✔All Web browsers use the "____________________________". Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3), Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) - correct answer ✔✔All e-mail clients use "__________________________" or "___________________________________" to receive e-mail. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) - correct answer ✔✔All e-mail applications use "___________________" to send their e-mails. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) - correct answer ✔✔People don't like to send credit card information, home phone numbers, or other personal information over the Web for fear this information might be intercepted by hackers. Fortunately, there are methods for encrypting this information, the most common being "______________________________". 80 - correct answer ✔✔HTTP, Web pages, port number:"_____" 443 - correct answer ✔✔HTTPS, Secure Web pages, port number: "_____" 20, 21 - correct answer ✔✔FTP, File transfer, port numbers: "_____" "______" 22 - correct answer ✔✔SFTP, Secure file transfer, port number: "" 143 - correct answer ✔✔IMAP, Incoming e-mail, port number: "____" 110 - correct answer ✔✔POP3, Incoming e-mail, port number: "_____" 25 - correct answer ✔✔SMTP, Outgoing e-mail, port number: "" 23 - correct answer ✔✔Telnet, Terminal emulation, port number: "___" 23
Content - correct answer ✔✔The "___________" tab controls what your browser will and will not display. This time, however, it enables you to gate access to insecure or objectionable sites using certificates and a parental control tool called Family Safety, which lets system administrators restrict Web, game, and app usage (by rating system and exception lists) and even control when an account can log in. Connections - correct answer ✔✔The "____________" tab enables you to do a lot of things. You can set up your connection to the Internet, via broadband or dial-up, connect to a VPN, or adjust some LAN settings. proxy server - correct answer ✔✔A "_____________________" is software that enables multiple connections to the Internet to go through one protected computer. Programs - correct answer ✔✔Moving on, the "__________________" tab in Internet Options contains settings for your default Web browser, any add-ons you use (like Java), and how other programs deal with HTML files and e-mail messages. Advanced - correct answer ✔✔The "________________" tab does exactly what it sounds like: lists a bunch of options that you can turn on and off with the check of a box. POP3, IMAP - correct answer ✔✔The "________", or "_________" server is the computer that handles incoming (to you) e-mail. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) - correct answer ✔✔The "_______" server handles your outgoing e-mail. Web-based mail - correct answer ✔✔"___________________" offers the convenience of having access to your e-mail from any Internet-connected computer, smartphone, tablet, or other Internet-connected device.
Telnet - correct answer ✔✔"____________" is a terminal emulation program for TCP/IP networks that uses port 23 and enables you to connect to a server or fancy router and run commands on that machine as if you were sitting in front of it. File transfer protocol (FTP) - correct answer ✔✔"____________________________________", using ports 20 and 21, is a great way to share files between systems. Secure Shell (SSH) - correct answer ✔✔If you need a remote terminal that works securely across the Internet, you need "_____________________". tunneling - correct answer ✔✔SSH has one other trick up its sleeve: it can move files or any type of TCP/IP network traffic through its secure connection. In networking parlance, this is called "_______________", and it is the core of most secure versions of Internet technologies such as SFTP (discussed next) and VPN, which I will discuss in more depth later in the chapter. Voice over IP (VoIP) - correct answer ✔✔You can use "________________________" to make voice calls over your computer network. Latency - correct answer ✔✔"______________" is the amount of time a packet takes to get to its destination and is measured in milliseconds. remote desktops - correct answer ✔✔While folders and printers might be the primary things shared over a network, sometimes it would be convenient to be "transported" to another computer—to feel as if your hands were actually on its keyboard. There are plenty of programs that do exactly this, generically called "____________________". Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), Virtual Network Computing (VNC) - correct answer ✔✔While some operating systems include a remote desktop client, many third-party remote desktop applications are also available. Most of these make use of either the "_______________________________" or "______________________________". Remote Desktop Connection - correct answer ✔✔"___________________________________" provides control over a remote server with a fully graphical interface.
DNS server - correct answer ✔✔To fix a failing DNS try using another "_______________". URL - correct answer ✔✔If DNS is OK, make sure you're using the right "_____". netstat - correct answer ✔✔To see what's happening on your network, open a command prompt and type "__________", which shows all the connections between your computer and any other computer. Quality of Service (QoS) - correct answer ✔✔Your router can use a feature called "______________________________" to prioritize access to network resources.
