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How long after being deprived of oxygen do cells start to die? - ANSWER: ➡ After 3-5 minutes What is shock? - ANSWER: ➡ Life-threatening condition that occurs when the cardiovascular system fails for some reason, and is unable to circulate adequate amounts of oxygen around the body. List the features of shock - ANSWER: ➡ Skin is cold & clammy Very weak Unable to stand up Pale skin (even blue or grey) What does AED stand for? - ANSWER: ➡ automated external defibrillator The resuscitation council guidelines indicate that for each minute CPR is delayed there is a? reduction in survival rates? - ANSWER: ➡ 10% What is agonal breathing? - ANSWER: ➡ Barely breathing or taking infrequent, noisy gasps. These usually occur about every 10-15 seconds How common is agonal breathing? - ANSWER: ➡ 40% of patients. What should happen if there is doubt about whether a collapsed person is displaying agonal breathing? - ANSWER: ➡ It should be assumed that they are not breathing What is haemophilia? - ANSWER: ➡ Hemophilia is usually an inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. What piece of information is collected in module 0 that influences the pathways you can choose at the body map? - ANSWER: ➡ Whether the problem is trauma (injury) or non-trauma (illness) What is the definition of chronic illness? - ANSWER: ➡ A condition that persists over a long period of time. Symptoms appear gradually and get worse despite treatment and change very slowly
What are the 5 age groups within the system and what age range does each of these cover? - ANSWER: ➡ Neonate - 0-1hour Infant - 1 hour - 12 months Toddler - 1 - 5 years Child - 5 - 16 years Adult - 16years and over What do you use when someone's symptoms are very vague and there is no specific pathway available? - ANSWER: ➡ Use "other symptoms" pathway What is a MedicAlert? - ANSWER: ➡ Medical alert bracelet/pendant which identifies their condition and helps healthcare professionals treat them appropriately Define what is meant by Blunt injury? - ANSWER: ➡ The skin or other body surface has not been broken but damage has still occurred What does an anticoagulant do? - ANSWER: ➡ Makes the blood less prone to clotting and causes blood to take longer to stop. What is a rigor and why does it occur? - ANSWER: ➡ Violent shivering that occurs with a fever. Because the body's muscles are shivering very hard in an attempt to raise body temperature to the new level set by the thermostat. In litres, what is blood volume in a typical adult? - ANSWER: ➡ 4-5 Litres List 3 injuries that are always treated as serious? - ANSWER: ➡ A fall from a height Major burns Being struck by lightening What is the most common cause of death in children? - ANSWER: ➡ Injuries
What is the name for a type of tumor that doesn't spread to other parts of the body? - ANSWER: ➡ Benign What is the name for a type of tumor that can spread to other parts of your body? - ANSWER: ➡ Cancer What is meant by the term compensation in relation to blood loss? - ANSWER: ➡ Various complex mechanisms in the body come into effect which help try and make up or compensate for the blood loss If a large volume of blood is lost over a short period of time, the body may find it impossible to compensate and situation may become life threatening. - ANSWER: ➡ Define what is meant by the term palpitations? - ANSWER: ➡ The sensation of the heart beating irregularly or more rapidly or forcefully than it should. ( beating slowly or different than normal ) What causes angina? - ANSWER: ➡ Lack of oxygen reaching the heart muscle because of poor blood flow. How might people describe angina? - ANSWER: ➡ A feeling of heaviness, pressure, tightness pain in the chest. May affect arms, neck, jaw, face, back or abdomen. What can trigger angina in a person with heart disease? - ANSWER: ➡ Exertion During times of stress Cold weather List 4 symptoms of a heart attack? - ANSWER: ➡ Chest pain Shortness of breath Overwhelming feeling of anxiety Weak & lightheaded What is an aneurysm? - ANSWER: ➡ Buldging, weakened area in an artery wall.
Where do aneurysms most commonly occur? - ANSWER: ➡ The aorta and the arteries in the brain. Name a genetic condition that can increase the likelihood of an aneurysm? - ANSWER: ➡ Marfans Syndrome List 4 symptoms of a burst aneurysm? - ANSWER: ➡ Shock Extreme constant and sudden pain Nausea or vomiting Sense that something is wrong List 2 signs of impaired/reduced consciousness? - ANSWER: ➡ Uncoordinated Drowsy and confused How does impaired consciousness threatens a persons airway? - ANSWER: ➡ Lack of muscle control allows the tongue to fall back blocking the airway Name 3 factors that can cause fits - ANSWER: ➡ Epilepsy Head injuries High fever How is vertigo defined? - ANSWER: ➡ Specific medical term used to describe the sensation of spinning or having the room spinning about you List 4 possible signs of meningitis in a baby? - ANSWER: ➡ Fever Very sleepy Very cold hands/feet Pale and blotchy skin
What does insulin do? - ANSWER: ➡ Helps move glucose from the bloodstream into the cells for them to use as energy What is type 1 diabetes? - ANSWER: ➡ pancreas produces little or no insulin What is type 2 diabetes? - ANSWER: ➡ insulin resistance What condition leads to unconsciousness more quickly? - ANSWER: ➡ Low blood sugar Hypoglycaemia When would Glucagon be used? - ANSWER: ➡ In case of a severe hypoglycaemia attack Urine infections in pregnant women can cause what problem? - ANSWER: ➡ Early labour Name 3 symptoms of a urine infection? - ANSWER: ➡ Stinging or burning when passing urine Blood in urine Cloudy or smelly urine What is the cause of "shoulder tip" pain in relation to an ectopic pregnancy? - ANSWER: ➡ Causes by blood from a ruptured ectopic pregnancy pressing on the diaphragm What might green and/or brown amniotic fluid indicate? - ANSWER: ➡ That the baby may be tired or in trouble List 3 symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection? - ANSWER: ➡ Pain when passing urine Abdominal pain Pain during sex Many cases of earache clear up without treatment and don't require antibiotics - ANSWER: ➡
Burns to which part of the body are more prone to complications? - ANSWER: ➡ Face, hands, feet and around large joints and the genital area. What is the name of the place that can diagnose and treat sexually transmitted infections where the person can attend without giving their name and if they wish to and their GP won't be informed without their consent? - ANSWER: ➡ Genitourinary Medicine Clinic What is the normal body temperature? - ANSWER: ➡ 37 degrees Celsius We should always try to give the caller a diagnosis if possible. True or false? - ANSWER: ➡ False Fainting means passing out for a short period of time. It never lasts longer than 1-2 minutes. - ANSWER: ➡ What 3 things are essential for keeping the body supplied with oxygen? - ANSWER: ➡ A - Airway B - Breathing C - Circulation The largest artery in the body? - ANSWER: ➡ The aorta What is the function of the kidneys? - ANSWER: ➡ Removes unwanted salts and chemical waste from the blood. The waste combines from water creating urine. Give one reason for needing to know whether someone has diabetes? - ANSWER: ➡ Diabetes can increase the infection of a wound. What is anaphylaxis? - ANSWER: ➡ Life threatening allergic reaction Children under 1 are more vulnerable to abuse than any other age group (NSPCC 2003) - ANSWER: ➡
When assessing someone who has fallen on their arm, the system will present you with a question which asks whether the arm is cold, or pale in colour or blue to the area beyond the injury. What is this question trying to exclude? - ANSWER: ➡ In case a broken or shattered bone has punctured arteries or veins internally causing damage to blood vessels. The pain of a heart attack is never felt in the abdomen? True or false. - ANSWER: ➡ False Describe 2 words or phrases people might use to describe the sensation of palpitations? - ANSWER: ➡ Fluttering Racing Slowly Irregular Not normal What is the most common cause of a mouth ulcer? - ANSWER: ➡ Trauma to the mouth such as biting the tongue or cheek. What is sepsis and what causes it? - ANSWER: ➡ Sepsis is when the blood becomes poisoned and it attacks major blood organs. List 4 symptoms of sinusitis? - ANSWER: ➡ Facial pain, Headache, Nasal obstruction, Fever. List 2 factors associated with a head injury that means the person should be taken to the emergency department in an ambulance? - ANSWER: ➡ Unconsciousness Any seizure - fit or convulsions after the injury. How might unconsciousness affect a persons airway? - ANSWER: ➡ Tongue will flop back and block the airway.
What is rigor? - ANSWER: ➡ The violent shivering occurring mostly in fevers. What is shock? - ANSWER: ➡ A life-threatening medical condition whereby the body suffers from insufficient blood flow throughout the body as a result of severe injury or illness If a man complains of sudden pain and swelling in the testicular areas it is normally nothing serious and does not require further assessment? True or false. - ANSWER: ➡ False. List 5 injuries which may be potentially life-threatening. - ANSWER: ➡ RTC injuries Near drowning Suicide attempts or multiple and varied self harm injuries, Major wounds - gunshots, stabbing. Injuries caused by serious assault. State one problem associated with the over use of antibiotics? - ANSWER: ➡ They loose effectiveness if over used. State one symptom of possible spinal cord damage? - ANSWER: ➡ Unable to control the bowels, Difficultly moving and controlling legs. What is wheezing? - ANSWER: ➡ A whistling or musical sound that comes from inside the chest when breathing. Vaginal bleeding in pregnancy does not always indicate a miscarriage. True or false? - ANSWER: ➡ True Why must someone who has been involved in a near-drowning incident receive treatment even when they seem unharmed? - ANSWER: ➡ In case water has entered the lungs, as this can cause irritation and swelling which may be fatal. List 3 possible signs of wound infection? - ANSWER: ➡ Redness, Swelling,
Toddler - 1/4 mug Infant - Egg cup What is the major amount of blood loss in all the ages? - ANSWER: ➡ Adult - 2 mugs Child - 1 mug Toddler - 1/2 mug Infant - 1/4 mug What is the time frame of blood loss in all ages? - ANSWER: ➡ Adult - in 2 hours Child - in 30 minutes Toddler - in 30 minutes Infant - in 30 minutes What are the different parts of the system called? - ANSWER: ➡ Module 0 Module 1 Module 2 What do the different parts of pathways do? - ANSWER: ➡ Module 0 - is a primarily concerned with ruling out immediately life-threatening situations. Module 1 - contains large database of "Pathways" from which the user chooses the most suitable to enable detailed assessment of symptoms. Module 2 - enables more detailed clinical assessment by a clinician. Why must questions be answered in order? - ANSWER: ➡ Because questions are ordered so that most serious symptoms and potential causes are ruled out first.
Must every question be verbally asked of a caller? Provide a reason for your answer? - ANSWER: ➡ No. Every question must be answered but this does not always require that every question is asked. Since callers often volunteer useful information without being directly asked about it. What is an inferred question? - ANSWER: ➡ It is a question that usually does not need to be asked because the answer is likely to be obvious. How are inferred questions indicated within the system? - ANSWER: ➡ They are in upper case. ( capitals ) How does the system handle " not sure " answers? - ANSWER: ➡ Depending on balance of risk and the type of question being asked. What is a disposition compromised of? - ANSWER: ➡ The type of care - skill set Time frame What does clicking restart triage do? - ANSWER: ➡ It wipes all questions and answers. Takes you right back to the beginning of the NHS Pathways system. It can also be used to change from 1st party to 3rd party or vice versa. If someone had taken an overdose in an attempt to commit suicide would you select injury or illness? - ANSWER: ➡ Illness or other health problem. What is the purpose of key points? - ANSWER: ➡ Tell you which pathway should and shouldn't be used for. Can you remember what the purpose is of "the individual has been told to follow a particular course of action" - ANSWER: ➡ This allows you to identify patient with a know health problem who have been advised to a follow a particular course of action when they are ill and where full symptom triage would not be appropriate. There is a question in module 0 which asks whether the persons skin on the chest, back or abdomen feels a normal temperature. Would it be acceptable to phrase this as "Are you hot to touch?" Give a
Is the following statement true or false? A headache in late pregnancy can be a very serious signs and needs urgent assessment. - ANSWER: ➡ True. A headache in late pregnancy can be a sign of pre- eclampsia which can be life threatening for both the mother and baby. What level of sugar is classed as hypoglycaemia within the system? - ANSWER: ➡ Below 4mmols per litre. What is meant by the term "severe illness"? - ANSWER: ➡ The patient is so ill they have stopped doing ALL of their usual activities. You will have read about the glass test in relation to meningitis and septicaemia in your distance learning pack. The glass test is a very effective way of testing whether a rash fades under pressure, but callers should not be asked to perform the glass test. Why is this? - ANSWER: ➡ The glass test can be difficult and time consuming to explain properly over the phone (1 mark). It is also impossible to tell whether the test is being done correct (1 mark). For these reasons, the callers should not be asked to perform the glass test, as this can waste valuable time and it is difficult to safely rely on the results. But if the caller has already done the glass test and the rash has not faded this information must be accepted. What is KFC? - ANSWER: ➡ K - Known problem. F - Fixed plan. C - Current symptoms.
NHS Pathways DLP questions with answers
What are the causes of shock? - ANSWER: ➡ Severe blood loss, heavy fluid loss e.g. through severe burns, failure of the heart to pump properly e.g. heart attack, or severe infections, low blood sugar, or lack of certain hormones. Chain of survival steps - ANSWER: ➡ early recognition and call for help, early CPR, early defibrillation, early advanced life support and post-resuscitation care survival rates for cardiac arrest and AED shock - ANSWER: ➡ Shock given 3-5 minutes after collapse = 50-70% survival For every minute longer, probability of survival is reduced by 10%.
How many patients with cardiac arrest in UK receive a shock from AED before ambulance arrives? - ANSWER: ➡ Less than 2%
