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#. |, & Chapter: Acids, Bases and Salts (Class 10 NCERT) Before jumping into topics, let’s understand the core meaning: @ What is an Acid? A substance that produces H+ (Hydrogen ions) in aqueous solution Actually forms H,0+ (Hydronium ions) in water © Example: HCI, H,SO, @ What is a Base? A substance that produces OH- (Hydroxide ions) in aqueous solution © Example: NaOH, KOH @ What is an Alkali? A base that is soluble in water < Example: NaOH, KOH @ What is a Salt? Formed when acid reacts with base (neutralization) © Example: NaCl Now we break the entire chapter into 5 core topics ©» ¥# CORE TOPIC 1: Basic Concepts & Indicators ® 1. Physical Properties Acids: Sour taste Turn blue litmus — red Conduct electricity Bases: Bitter taste Soapy touch Turn red litmus — blue @ 2. Chemical Nature Acids — release Ht Bases — release OH- Require aqueous solution % 3. Indicators (A) Natural Indicators Litmus Turmeric @ 4. Acids with Metal Oxides Acid + Metal oxide — Salt + Water 5. Bases with Metals Base + Metal — Salt + H, Only Zn, Al react ® 6. Bases with Non-metal Oxides Base + Non-metal oxide — Salt + Water @ 7. Key Nature Concept Metal oxides — Basic Non-metal oxides — Acidic 4 CORE TOPIC 3: Acids & Bases in Aqueous Solutions @ 1. lon Formation HCl + H,O — H,0* + Cl- @ 2. Why Ht is not free? Combines with water — hydronium ion ® 3. Electrical Conductivity Due to free ions % 4. Dilution Rule Always add acid to water @ 5. Strength vs Concentration & Strength:-Degree of ionization Cannot be changed easily Strong or Weak Property of substance ¥ Concentration:-Amount of solute Property of solution Can be changed (by dilution) Concentrated or Dilute @ 6. Exothermic Nature Dilution releases heat jy] CORE TOPIC 4: Strength of Acids & pH Scale @ 1. pH Scale 0-14 @ 2. Meaning Measures acidity @ 3. Values Depends on parent acid/base 3. Chemicals from Common Salt (A) Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Made by electrolysis Uses: soap, paper (B) Bleaching Powder (CaOCl,) Uses: disinfectant (C) Baking Soda (NaHCO,) Baking, antacid (D) Washing Soda (Na,CO,-10H,0) Cleaning, softening water ® 4. Plaster of Paris (POP) CaSO,°%H,0 Used in casts @ 5. Water of Crystallization Fixed water in salts Example: CuSO,°5H,0 6. Important Observations Heating removes water Color may change 
