Energy Resources: Types, Control, Depletion, and Impact on the Environment - Prof. Arthur , Study notes of Geography

An overview of various energy resources, their control, depletion rates, and environmental impact. It covers non-renewable resources such as coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy, as well as renewable resources like solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass. The document also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each energy resource.

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2011/2012

Uploaded on 04/04/2012

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ENERGY RESOURCES
Types:
* non-renewable or exhaustible: a resource which exists in a fixed
amount in various places in the Earth's crust.
energy resources: coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear
**may not be completely exhausted, but economically depleted. Cost of extracting
is greater than the monetary profit
** Some of these can have their supplies extended by
Reusing and/or Recycling
** depletion time: the time it takes to use a certain fraction, usually 80% of the
known or estimated supply of a non-renewable resource.
* perpetual: a resource that is essentially inexhaustible on a human time scale
energy resources: solar energy, wind, hydropower, geothermal
* renewable or potentially renewable: a resource which can be replenished fairly
rapidly through natural processes on a human time scale (hours or years or decades)
energy resources: Biomass (trees, other plants, animals)
Non-Renewable Energy Resources:
Fossil Fuels:
* coal: solid combustible mixture of organic compounds, with water, sulfur and
nitrogen compounds. It forms from the remains of plants subjected to heat
& pressure over millions of years.
* 30-98% carbon by weight
Who controls it (where is it)?
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ENERGY RESOURCES

Types:

  • non-renewable or exhaustible : a resource which exists in a fixed amount in various places in the Earth's crust. energy resources: coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear **may not be completely exhausted, but economically depleted. Cost of extracting is greater than the monetary profit ** Some of these can have their supplies extended by Reusing and/or Recycling ** depletion time: the time it takes to use a certain fraction, usually 80% of the known or estimated supply of a non-renewable resource.
  • perpetual : a resource that is essentially inexhaustible on a human time scale energy resources: solar energy, wind, hydropower, geothermal
  • renewable or potentially renewable : a resource which can be replenished fairly rapidly through natural processes on a human time scale (hours or years or decades) energy resources: Biomass (trees, other plants, animals) Non-Renewable Energy Resources: Fossil Fuels:
  • coal: solid combustible mixture of organic compounds, with water, sulfur and nitrogen compounds. It forms from the remains of plants subjected to heat & pressure over millions of years.
  • 30-98% carbon by weight Who controls it (where is it)?
  • most abundant fossil fuel
  • U.S., Russia, China, & India have 66% of proven reserves & ~ 85% of estimated undiscovered reserves
  • U.S. alone has 24% of global reserves
  • provides ~ 21% of world's commercial energy, 65% of world's electricity, & to make 75% of world's steel How long will it last?
  • at current usage rate, identified reserves will last 225 years
  • if usages rate increases 2% per year 65 years
  • add in unidentified reserves at current rate 900 years
  • at increased rate (2%/year) 149 years Advantages & Disadvantages? Advantages Disadvantages ample supplies, very high environmental impact high net energy yield, -land disturbance, air and water pollution technology well developed high land use, low cost (with subsidies) severe threat to human health, high CO emissions when burned
  • oil(crude oil): gooey liquid consisting of hydrocarbon compounds & smaller amounts of oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen
  • refined into: heating oil, diesel fuel, jet fuel, gasoline, tar, etc Who controls it (where is it)?
  • OPEC has 67% of known reserves (Saudi Arabia 26%, other Middle East countries ~64%) *U.S. has 3% of known world reserves (uses 26% extracted/year) *U.S. imports 55% of the oil it uses (36% in 1973)
  • world reserves estimated at about 1 trillion barrels How long will it last?

low cost with subsidies methane (Greenhouse gas) can leak out less air pollution and lower CO2 often burned and wasted at wells because of emissions than other fossil fuels low price moderate environmental impact, Low land use, good fuel for fuel cells and gas turbines Nuclear energy

  • energy released when atomic nuclei undergo a nuclear reaction such as the spontaneous emission of radioactivity, nuclear fission or nuclear fusion
  • 436 commercial reactors in 32 countries produce 6% of world's commercial energy & 16% of electricity
  • usage has leveled-off and is expected to decline in the future do to high costs, stricter government regulations, concerns over safety & waste disposal Advantages & Disadvantages? Advantages Disadvantages Renewable Energy Resources: *** solar:** direct radiant energy from the sun Advantages for use in heating a home: Disadvantages for use in heating a home: Need access to sun 60% of time, blockage of sun by other structures, Need heat storage system, high cost(active system), Active collectors unattractive

Advantages for use in generating electricity: Moderate to high net energy, Low to moderate environmental impact, No CO 2 emissions, Relatively quick installation, Reduces dependence on fossil fuels Disadvantages for use in generating electricity : *** hydropower:** electrical power produced by falling or flowing water

  • supplies about 6% of world's commercial energy, 4% in U.S.
  • supplies 20% of world's electricity, 10% in U.S., 99% in Norway Advantages: Disadvantages: High construction costs, High environmental impact (by flooding natural areas, converting land habitat to lake habitat, changing water flow dynamics, sediment dynamics, etc), May increase CO 2 emissions from decaying biomass in reservoir *** wind:** electricity generated from using wind power (wind turbines)
  • in 2001 worldwide production was enough to meet electricity needs of 7 million homes
  • 18% of electrical needs met with wind power in Denmark
  • large future potential with advancing technology Advantages: Disadvantages: Steady winds needed(desirable), Backup systems needed if no wind, High land use for wind farm system, Visual pollution, Some noise pollution, May interfere with flight of migratory birds