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Histology and Anatomy: Tissues, Bones, and Nerves, Study notes of Biology

University of Georgia (UGA)Biology

An in-depth exploration of various types of tissues, including epithelial and connective tissues, and their functions. It also covers the study of histology and the primary tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Additionally, it discusses the major bones of the cranium, face, and vertebral column, as well as the muscles of the back and abdomen. Lastly, it introduces the twelve cranial nerves and their functions.

Typology: Study notes

2012/2013

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LAB FINAL Spring 2013
Be able to identify the following:
Histology of Epithelial Tissue
Tissues: group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function.
Histology: the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs
Four primary tissues:
oEpithelial tissue
Simple squamous
Air sacs of lungs, lining blood vessels.
Smooth lining, reduces friction, allows simple diffusion
Simple cuboidal
Forms many major glands and glandular organs, major cell type of
kidney and pancreas.
Secretion of fluids or hormones (sweat, oil), re-absorption (kidneys)
Simple columnar
Inner portion of digestive tract, uterine tubes, often associate with Goblet
cells
Provides absorptive areas on inner portions of the digestive tract
Goblet cells secrete mulch
Stratified Squamous
Surface of skin, lining mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and
vagina
Provides physical protection against abrasions, pathogens and chemical
attack
Transitional
Urinary bladder, renal pelvis, uterers
Permits expansion and recoil after stretching
Pseudostratified Columnar
Lining of the respiratory tract and portions of the male reproductive tract
Protection and secretion
Have cilia
oConnective Tissue
Fibrous CT
Loose CT
oReticular
oAreolar
oAdipose
Deep in the skin, padding around eyes and kidney
Provides padding and cushions shock; insulates
Dense CT
oRegular
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Download Histology and Anatomy: Tissues, Bones, and Nerves and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

LAB FINAL Spring 2013

Be able to identify the following: Histology of Epithelial Tissue  Tissues: group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function.  Histology: the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs  Four primary tissues: o Epithelial tissue  Simple squamous  Air sacs of lungs, lining blood vessels.  Smooth lining, reduces friction, allows simple diffusion  Simple cuboidal  Forms many major glands and glandular organs, major cell type of kidney and pancreas.  Secretion of fluids or hormones (sweat, oil), re-absorption (kidneys)  Simple columnar  Inner portion of digestive tract, uterine tubes, often associate with Goblet cells  Provides absorptive areas on inner portions of the digestive tract  Goblet cells secrete mulch  Stratified Squamous  Surface of skin, lining mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina  Provides physical protection against abrasions, pathogens and chemical attack  Transitional  Urinary bladder, renal pelvis, uterers  Permits expansion and recoil after stretching  Pseudostratified Columnar  Lining of the respiratory tract and portions of the male reproductive tract  Protection and secretion  Have cilia o Connective Tissue  Fibrous CT  Loose CT o Reticular o Areolar o Adipose  Deep in the skin, padding around eyes and kidney  Provides padding and cushions shock; insulates  Dense CT o Regular

o Irregular o Elastic  Cartilage (supportive CT)  Hyaline cartilage o Between tips of ribs and bones and trachea o Reduces friction between boney surfaces o Cells known as chondrocytes  Fibrocartilage  Elastic cartilage  Bone (supportive CT)  Throughout body.  Support; regulates calcium levels; immune function  Cells known as osteocytes  Blood (fluid CT)  Found throughout body in blood vessels  Transport, immune function o Muscle Tissue  Skeletal muscle  Cells referred to as muscle fibers  Striated, multinucleated, voluntary  Cardiac muscle  Cells referred to as myocytes  Striated, branched, multinucleated, involuntary intercalated disc  Smooth muscle  Intestines (peristalsis), blood vessels, uterus, urinary tract, most organs.  Nonstriated, involuntary o Nervous Tissue  Two cell types found in nervous tissue:  Neuron: specialized cell that conducts electrochemical impulses o 3 main regions: dendrites, cell body (soma) and the axon  Glial Cells, or Neuroglia o Play supportive roles for neurons Major Bones of the Cranium  Parietal, frontal, temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital Major Bones of the Face  Nasal, zygomatic, maxillary, mandible, inferior Nasal conchae, lacrimal, vomer, palatine Bones of the Vertebral Column  Atlas, axis, cervical vertebra, thoracic vertebra, lumbar vertebra Bones of Pectoral Girdle

 Internal abdominal oblique: same as external oblique except that unilateral contraction

causes ipsilateral rotation of waist

 Transverse abdominal: compresses abdominal contents, with same effects as external

oblique, but does not contribute to movements of vertebral column

 Rectus abdominis: flexes lumbar region of vertebral column, producing forward bending

at the waist.

All Cranial nerves

a. CNI: Olfactory Nerve: sense of smell. Not visible on brains removed from the

skull. Originates in the olfactory bulbs.

b. CNII: Optic Nerve: nerve for vision. Originates in retina and can cause blindness

if damaged.

c. CNIII: Occulomotor Nerve: controls muscles that turn the eyeball up, down,

medially and controls the iris, lens and upper eyelid. Originates in the midbrain.

d. CNIV: Trochlear Nerve: controls a muscle that rotates the eyeball medially and

slight depresses the eyeball when the head turns. Originates in the midbrain

e. CNV: Trigeminal Nerve: largest. Most important sensory nerve of the face. Forks

into three divisons: ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular. That lead to upper,

lower and middle face.

f. CNVI: Abducens Nerve: controls a muscle that turns the eyeball laterally.

g. CNVII: Facial Nerve: major motor nerve of the facial muscles. Divides into five

branches

h. CNVIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve: hearing and equilibrium. Has motor fibers that

lead to cells of the cochlea that tune the sense of hearing.

i. CNIX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve: numerous sensory and motor functions in the

head, neck, and thoracic regions. Some aspects of cardiovascular and respiratory

function.

j. CNX: Vagus Nerve: most extensive distribution of any cranial nerve. Supplies

organs in the head, neck and viscera in the thoracic and abdominopelvic regions.

Plays major roles in cardiac, pulmonary, digestive and urinary functions

k. CNXI: Accessory Nerve: small root arises from medulla oblongata. Controls

mainly swallowing and neck and shoulder muscles.

l. CNXII: Hypoglossal Nerve: controls tongue movements

m. Old Opie Occasionally Tries Trigonometry And Feels Very Gloomy, Vague And

Hypoactive