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An spss syntax example for conducting mixed linear models analysis, which is used to examine the relationship between a continuous outcome variable and categorical and continuous predictors, as well as random effects. The syntax includes various subcommands such as cps, descriptives, history, solution, testcov, g, r, save, criteria, method, fixed, sstype, noint, random, subject, covtype, repeated, emmeans, tables, compare, and refcat. This syntax can be applied to various research areas, including psychology, education, and social sciences.
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SPSS Mixed Linear Models 1
************************ SPSS Mixed Model Syntax ******************************* *******************************************************************************/
*** Outcome variable *** DV *** Categorical fixed effects go after BY *** BY catvar1 catvar *** Continuous (covariate) fixed effects go after WITH *** WITH time contvar
*** Request specific output *** /PRINT = *** Case processing summary: factor values, repeated measures variables, repeated measure subjects, random effects subjects & frequencies *** CPS *** Descriptive Statistics: sample sizes, means, SD of DV & covariates for each distinct combination of these factors *** DESCRIPTIVES *** Iteration History (1=print every iteration) *** HISTORY(1) *** Solution (estimates) for fixed and random effects *** SOLUTION *** Tests for covariance parameters (asymptotic SE's & Wald tests) *** TESTCOV *** Estimated covariance matrix of random effects and residuals *** G R
*** SAVE Subcommand - Saves casewise statistics to working file *** /SAVE = *** Fixed Predicted Values, their SE’s, and Satterthwaite DF Regression means without random effects *** FIXPRED SEFIXP DFFIXP *** Predicted Values, their SE’s, and Satterthwaite DF Model fitted value (includes random effects) *** PRED SEPRED DFPRED *** Residuals - data value-predicted value *** RESID *** Estimation Criteria & subcommands (defaults) – usually DON’T CHANGE THESE *** /CRITERIA = *** Confidence interval level of 95% (0-100%) *** CIN(95) *** Maximum # Iterations, Maximum Half-Stepping (positive integer) *** MXITER(100) MXSTEP(5) *** Use Fisher scoring up to iteration (positive integer) *** SCORING(1) *** Tolerance value in checking singularity (positive value) *** SINGULAR(0.000000000001) *** Convergence Criteria (non-negative value, type) - Hessian, Log-likelihood, Parameter Estimates *** HCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) LCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE)
*** Method of Estimation (REML, ML) *** /METHOD = REML
*** Fixed Effects *** *** Intercept included by default, or must be specified first *** *** Can include interactions between different variables with asterisk *** *** Cannot include squared terms for categorical variables using asterisk *** /FIXED = time catvar1 catvar2 contvar timecatvar1 timecontvar |**
SPSS Mixed Linear Models 2
*** Options after | *** *** Type of Sums of Squares (1 or 3) *** SSTYPE(3) *** Specifies no intercept (as in repeated measures) *** NOINT
*** Random Effects - can have multiple random statements for different levels *** *** Intercept must be included, also specify random slopes *** /RANDOM intercept time | *** Options after | *** *** SUBJECT Identifies higher-level grouping of observations *** SUBJECT(IDvar) *** COVTYPE for Covariance Structure of G matrix (default=VC) *** COVTYPE(UN)
*** Repeated Effects - specifies residual covariance matrix *** *** Is always there, but blank by default (default VC matrix called DIAG) *** *** Specify list of variable names connected by asterisks *** /REPEATED = repeatvar *** Options after | *** *** SUBJECT = distinct combinations of values of the variables *** | SUBJECT (timeIDvar)* *** COVTYPE for covariance structure of R matrix (DIAG=VC) *** COVTYPE (DIAG)
*** Estimated Marginal Means (predicted means) *** *** Multiple EMMEANS statements are allowed - TABLES is required for each *** /EMMEANS *** Can specify tables for OVERALL, factors, or crossed factors *** *** WITH sets value of covariate to estimate around (mean is default) *** TABLES (catvar1catvar2) WITH (contvar=MEAN)* *** COMPARE gives mean diff, SE, DF, t, p for each pair of levels *** COMPARE(catvar1) *** Set reference group to compare against (all possible=default) *** *** Arguments: FIRST, LAST, category value *** REFCAT(FIRST) *** Adjustments for CI’s and p-values (LSD, BONFERRONI, SIDAK) *** ADJ(LSD)
*** TEST Subcommand for customized hypothesis tests – 1+ TESTs are allowed *** *** Fixed Effects tests must have been specified in FIXED statement *** *** Random Effects appear after | and must have appeared in RANDOM statement *** *** Values must be represented for each level of the variable *** /TEST 'Level1 vs. Level2 of CatVar1' catvar1 -1 1 0
/* Minimum specifications needed for Time within Person (random slopes) */ MIXED variable list – includes all variables, but not interactions DV (outcome variable) must be specified, and FIXED and RANDOM subcommands */
/* Two-level example: Time within Person; Random Intercepts and Slopes */
MIXED DV BY catvar1 catvar2 WITH time contvar /PRINT = SOLUTION TESTCOV G /FIXED = time catvar1 catvar2 contvar timecatvar1 timecontvar /RANDOM = intercept time | COVTYPE(UN) SUBJECT(IDVar).**