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NPTE EXAM CERTIFICATION EVALUATION
GUIDE 2026 FULL SOLUTION
◉ Name the muscles that the axillary nerve innervates. Answer: - Deltoids
- Teres minor ◉ Name the muscles that the musculocutaneous nerve innervates. Answer: - Biceps
- Brachialis
- Coracobrachialis ◉ Sternoclavicualar joint. Answer: - Connects the clavicle and UE to the axial skeleton
- plane joint
- motions: elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, and rotation* (check book for accuracy) ◉ Scapulohumeral Rhythm. Answer: For every 2 degrees of GH flexion and abduction, there is a corresponding 2 degrees of scapular upward rotation
- prevents impingement of supraspinatus
- maintains length: tension relationship of muscles
◉ Explain the scale of Manual Muscle Testing (MMT):. Answer: - 5: Normal, max resistance
- 4: Good, mod resistance
- 3: Fair, AROM AG
- 2: Poor, AROM GL
- 1: Trace, palpable/visible contraction
- 0: Absent ◉ What muscles make up the rotator cuff?. Answer: "SITS" muscles
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres minor
- Subscapularis ◉ Glenohumeral Joint. Answer: - approximation of the humeral head and glenoid fossa
- ball and socket joint
- 3 degrees of freedom
- high mobility low stability
- most functional in scaption plane
- limited stability, but allows free motion ◉ Acromialclavicular Joint. Answer: Articulation between the acromion and lateral clavicle
- Superior/Inferior acromioclavicular ligaments: provides stability ◉ Saddle joints. Answer: - Allows motions in 2+ directions
- bones fit together like horseback rider in a saddle
- EX: CMC of thumb ◉ Ball-and-socket joint. Answer: - Allows motion in all 3 planes
- EX: hip/GH ◉ Pivot joint. Answer: - allows motion in the transverse plane
- EX: proximal radioulnar joint ◉ Condyloid joint. Answer: Motion in 2 different directions
- Wrist & MCP's ◉ Hinge joint. Answer: Motion occurs in 1 plane and 1 axis
- EX: humeroulnar & IP joints
◉ What are the 5 normal end feels?. Answer: - Hard: (elbow ext.)
- Firm muscular (hip flex. w/ knee flex.)
- Firm capsular (MCP ext.)
- Firm ligamentous (forearm sup.)
- Soft (elbow/knee flexion) ◉ What are the 4 abnormal end feels?. Answer: - Hard (Fx, OA, osteomyelitis)
- Firm (tight ligament/capsular, increased muscular tone)
- Soft: edema
- Empty: too painful to reach end ROM ◉ Minimal Assistance (MinA). Answer: PTA does 25% of the work pt does 75% of the work ◉ Moderate Assistance (ModA). Answer: PTA does 50% of the work pt does 50% of the work ◉ Maximum Assistance (MaxA). Answer: PTA does 75% of the work pt does 25% of the work ◉ Dependent (Total A). Answer: PTA does 76-100% of the work
- joint motion
- motion
- degree/quantity
- end feel ◉ Indications of tilt table. Answer: - improve orthostatic hypotension
- facilitate WB
- prevent osteoporosis
- increase pulmonary ventilation
- increase alertness ◉ 5 cardinal signs of lifting. Answer: 1. keep load close (use shorter lever arm, COG close to object)
- Widen BOS
- Isometric contraction
- lift with legs
- no twisting ◉ body mechanics. Answer: refers to the way in which we position our body during tasks ◉ produce motion that is. Answer: - safe
- energy conserving
- anatomically efficient
- maintain balance and control
- avoid valsalva
- reduce stress, fatigue, strain, and injury ◉ Step length. Answer: hel contact of 1 foot to heel contact of the other foot ◉ speed. Answer: rate at which distance is covered ◉ contraindications for tilt table. Answer: - B LE WB restrictions
- unstable spinal cord injury
- erratic BP
- Erratic HR/rhythm ◉ Heart Rate. Answer: the # of times the heart contracts during a given period of time ◉ Where would you palpate an infant for a pulse? an adult?. Answer:
- infant:brachial pulse
- adult: carotid/radial
◉ Mobility vs. Flexibility. Answer: flexibility refers to the ROM of muscles while mobility refers to the ROM of joints ◉ Hypermobility. Answer: increase in ROM that exceed normal values for that joint ◉ Hypomobility. Answer: decrease in ROM that is substantially less than normal values ◉ Reliability. Answer: amount of consistency between successive measurements of the same variable on the same subject ◉ Where is the COG located?. Answer: just anterior to S ◉ intratester vs intertester. Answer: - intratester: 1 individual measuring several times with same result
- intertester: multiple individuals measuring the same joint with the same result ◉ scissoring gait cause. Answer: tightness of adductors; usually neurological; feet cross midline; very narrow BOS
- tx: stretch adductors and strengthen abductors
- use visual cue on floor/draw line and have them not cross the line
◉ stride length. Answer: distance from heel to heel contact of same foot ◉ list assistive devices in order of stability. Answer: 1. parallel bars
- standard walker (SW)
- Axillary crutches (Ax. C)
- forearm crutches (FAC)
- Hemiwalker (HW)
- Wide based quad cane (WBQC)
- narrow based quad cane (NBQC)
- Standard cane (SPC/SC) ◉ Forearm crutches (loftstrand/canadian). Answer: - hand grip @ ulnar styloid process
- cuff 2 fingers below olecranon
- not used for any WB precautions
- usually not for weakness of LE
- Patterns: 4pt and 2pt ◉ Stability vs. Mobility. Answer: Inverse relationship more mobility = less stability
◉ What factors can wound healing. Answer: - steroidal/immunosuppresive drugs
- diabetes, cancer, aids, pad, pad
- radiation/chemo
- malnutrition
- peroxide/betadine ◉ what 3 things cause edema. Answer: 1. hydrostatic pressure increased within vessels
- capillaries and venues become more permeable
- lymph vessels shut down or inadequate ◉ Non-WB. Answer: - no weight bearing through affected limb
- used for unstable fx or ACL repairs
- will need B AD
- 3pt or swing to gait
- needs balance ◉ Hemiwalker. Answer: - half of a walker
- used for hemiplegia
- use on opposite side of affected side
- not for WB precautions
- patterns: 2pt and 4pt ◉ what happens to hip posture during anterior pelvic tilt?. Answer: - ASIS moves inferiorly
- increased lumbar lordosis
- CKC hip flexion
- caused by hip flexors and trunk extensors ◉ what happens to hip posture during posterior pelvic tilt?. Answer:
- ASIS move superiorly
- decresed lumbar lordosis (flattens)
- CKC hip extension
- caused by hip extensors and trunk flexors ◉ Name the pulse sites:. Answer: - radial
- carotid
- braachial
- femoral
- popliteal
- dorsalis pedis
- posterior tibial
- temporal
- paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria ◉ indications of thermotherapy. Answer: - reduce pain
- increase tissue extensibility
- decrease muscle gaurding ◉ parkinsonian gait. Answer: Shuffling gait (aka festinating), forward flexed trunk, decreased arm swing ◉ explain the posture of a neutral pelvis. Answer: ASIS and PSIS are level in transverse place and ASIS is 10deg below PSIS in transverse plane ◉ pain. Answer: an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage ◉ acute pain. Answer: - usually caused by injury
- internal disease infection
- easily localized
- less than 3 months ◉ explain the curvatures of the spine. Answer: - cervical and lumbar: lordosis (convex ant/concave post.)
- thoracic and sacral: kyphosis (concave ant./ convex post.) ◉ explain why the intrinsic muscles of the hand do:. Answer: - thenar: move thumb
- hypothenar: move small finger
- deep palmar: located between then and hypothenar eminences ◉ thenar eminence muscles. Answer: - flexor pollicis brevis
- abductor pollicis brevis
- opponens pollicis
- all innervated by median nerve ◉ hypothenar eminence muscles. Answer: - flexor digiti minimi
- abductor digiti minimi
- opponens digiti minimi *all innervated by ulnar nerve ◉ pain cycle. Answer: Pain → Guarding → Muscle spasm → restricted mobility → Muscle weakness → loss of normal function ◉ what are some ways to foster adherence to an exercise program. Answer: - have a pt keep exercise log
◉ indications for aquatics. Answer: - facilitate ROM, WB, cardio exercise
- initiate resistance training, functional activity replications
- enhance delivery of techniques and pt relaxation
- minimize risk of re-injury ◉ properties of buoyancy. Answer: states that an immersed body experience upward trust equal to the volume of liquid displaced ◉ aquatic therapy. Answer: refers to the use of H2O that facilitates the application of established therapeutic interventions:
- stretching
- strengthening
- joint mob
- balance and gait
- endurance training ◉ primary goal for therapeutic exercise. Answer: functional recovery ◉ hydrostatic pressure. Answer: pressure exerted by the water on emmersed object
◉ properties of hydrostatic pressure. Answer: pascal's law states that the pressure exerted on an immersed object is equal on all surgaces ◉ neuromuscular control. Answer: Interaction of the sensory and motor systems that enables synergists, agonists and antagonists, as well as stabilizers and neutralizers to anticipate or respond to proprioceptive and kinesthetic information and, subsequently, to work in correct sequence to create coordinated movement. ◉ stability. Answer: the ability of the neuromuscular system synergistic muscle actions to hold a proximal or distal segment in a stationary position ◉ therapeutic exercise. Answer: systematic, planned performance of bodily movements, postures, or physical activities ◉ validity. Answer: the degree to which a instrument measures what it is purported to measure ◉ components of a long bone. Answer: diaphysis = shaft epiphysis = rounded end where GROWTH occurs
