Download NSG 3280 Exam 1, NSG-3280 Exam 1 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
NSG 3280 Exam 1, NSG-3280 Exam 1
1: Pathology - Answers-the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids. 1: Etiology - Answers-the study of the causes of diseases 1: risk factor - Answers-Something which increases risk or susceptibility. 1: pathogenesis - Answers-the development or evolution of a disease, from initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the manifestations 1: signs of disease - Answers-manifestations of disease that are observed 1: symptoms - Answers-subjective feelings of an abnormality in the body 1: syndrome - Answers-etiology of a particular set of signs and symptoms has not yet been determined 1: latent period - Answers-interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms 1: prodromal period - Answers-refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease
1: Stage of manifest illness/acute phase - Answers-disease reaches its full intensity, and signs and symptoms attain their greatest severity 1: latent/ silent period - Answers-signs and symptoms may become mild or disappear for a time 1: acute condition - Answers-relatively severe manifestations but runs a short coarse measured in hours, days, or a few weeks 1: chronic condition - Answers-can begin in the acute phase and become prolonged when the body's defenses are insufficient to overcome the causative agent and can last for months 1: exacerbation - Answers-sudden increase in the severity of a disease 1: remission - Answers-an abatement or decline in severity of the signs and symptoms of a disease 1: convalescence - Answers-stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation 1: sequela (sequelae) - Answers-subsequent pathologic condition produced by a disease 1: validity/accuracy - Answers-the degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of the object it is intended to measure
1: epidemic - Answers-disease is disseminated to many people at the same time (a country) 1: pandemic - Answers-disease that spreads widely across a large area (the world) 1: principal factors affecting patterns of disease in human populations? - Answers- age, ethnic group, gender, socioeconomic factors and lifestyle considerations, and geographic location 1: developmental process - Answers-changes in function that occur during the early years of life 2: homeostasis - Answers-maintaining internal conditions in a stable state by keeping parameters relatively the same/ the state of being in which all systems are in balance around a fairly narrow ideal "set point" 2: allostasis - Answers-ability to successfully adapt to changes 2: stress - Answers-physical, chemical, or emotional factor that produces tension in the body or mind 2: stressor - Answers-anything that throws the body out of allostatic balance 2: general adaptation syndrome (GAS) - Answers-Alarm reaction, Stage of existence, Stage of exhaustion
2: alarm - Answers-Fight or Flight Response idiopathic - Answers-unknown cause Eitology - Answers-cause of disease iatrogenic - Answers-result of an unintended or unwanted medical treatment Pathogenesis - Answers-development of disease from initial stimulation Symptoms are - Answers-subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel incubation period/ Latent - Answers-interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms prodomal phase - Answers-time of mild signs or symptoms indicating onset of disease Manifest Phase - Answers-the disease reaches its full intensity, and signs and symptoms attain their greatest severity convalescence - Answers-gradual recovery after an illness Signs - Answers-Observed and objective manifestations
primary prevention - Answers-Efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring. Vaccinations tertiary prevention - Answers-actions taken to contain damage once a disease or disability has progressed beyond its early stages. Therapies Homeostasis - Answers-A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level Allostasis - Answers-process by which the body achieves stability through physiological change GAS stages of stress - Answers--alarm
- resistance
- exhaustion alarm stage of GAS - Answers-organism recognizes stress, begins to respond. Fight or flight and sympathetic nervous system engages epinephrine and norepinephrine resistance stage of GAS - Answers-second stage; body functions normalize while responding to the stressor. The body attempts to cope with the stressor normalization/resolution of glucocorticoid secretion, fight or flight, and secretions and epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Exhaustion stage of GAS - Answers-third stage; if the client reaches this stage, body functions are no longer able to maintain an adaptive response to the stressor increased glucocorticoid secretions followed by dysregulation ALLOSTATIC OVERLOAD Epinephrine - Answers-Enhances myocardialcontractility, increases heartrate, and increases cardiacoutput ▪Causes bronchodilation ▪ Increases the release ofglucose from the liver(glycogenolysis) andelevates blood glucoselevels Norepinephrine - Answers-▪ Constricts blood vessels andraises blood pressure ▪ Reduces gastric secretions ▪Increases night and farvision (pupil dilation) Cortisol - Answers-▪ Primary glucocorticoid ▪ Affects protein metabolism ▪ Promotes appetite ▪ Has anti-inflammatoryeffects ▪ Too much cortisol over timecan lead to pro-inflammatory effects Aldosterone - Answers-▪ Primary mineralocorticoid ▪ Promotes reabsorption ofsodium and water
Ways allostatic loads can accumulate - Answers-(1) repeated exposures to multiple stressors, (2) inability to habituate or adapt to the stressor, (3) unnecessarily prolonged stress response or stress response that continues after the stressor is removed, and (4) inadequate response to the stressor that causes other stress response mediators to attempt to compensate. Homeostasis, the steady-state that previously existed, cannot be attained Elevated cortisol levels - Answers-are connected with depressive illnesses and immune suppression Aldosterone does not raise - Answers-glucose levels while stress induced hydronic swelling - Answers-cellular swelling due to accumulation of water first manifestation of most forms of reversible cell injury results from malfunction of sodium-potassium pump with accumulation of sodium ions within the cell Na does not leave cell, causing water to flow into cell Characteristics of hydronic swelling - Answers-large, pale cytoplasm dilated endoplasmic reticulum Swollen mitochondria Intracellular accumulation - Answers-Excess accumulation of substances in cells which leads to cell injury b/c of toxicity, immune response, taking up excessive space needed for functioning.
(anything from excess lipids, carbs, proteins, inorganic pigments, inorganic particles) liver is common place atrophy - Answers-cells shrink and reduce their differentiated function in response to normal and injurious factors Prednisone Elderly Disuse hypertrophy - Answers-increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic demands increased cellular protein content Hyperplasia - Answers-increase in number of cells Metaplasia - Answers-replacement of one cell type with another adaptation to persistent injury, with a replacement of a cell type that is better suited Columnar cells go to squamous cells in exposed to cigarette smoke. But CAN be reversed Common in lungs Dysplasia - Answers-disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variations in size, shape, and arrangement
Gangrenous necrosis - Answers-Cellular death in a large area of tissue results from interruption of a blood supply to a particular part of the body frost bite amputation Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. - Answers- Liquefaction The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is - Answers-intracellular accumulations Does hypothermia cause an increase or decrease in blood viscosity? - Answers- Increase Which cellular component is most susceptible to radiation injury? - Answers-DNA Carbon monoxide injures cells by - Answers-reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin Apoptosis - Answers-response to injury that does not directly kill the cell does not cause inflammation large number of cells are continually undergoing programmed cell death as tissues remodel Nutritional Injury - Answers-poor intake, altered absorption, impaired distribution, inefficient cellular uptake of essential nutrients
Infectious and immunologic injury - Answers--Bacteria and viruses can injure cells in a variety of ways depending on its virulence
- Added injury may occur indirectly by triggering body's immune response
Ischemia is the most common cause of - Answers-cell injury and injures cells faster than hypoxia alone chemical injury - Answers-Toxic chemicals or poisons can cause cellular injury both indirectly and by becoming metabolized into reactive chemicals by the body cellular aging - Answers-progressive decline in proliferative and reparative capacity of cells exposure to environmental factors somatic death - Answers-death of the organism as a whole rigor mortis release of lytic enzymes in body tissues` Which type of diabetes's is affected by glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis? - Answers-Type 1 Type two diabetes is caused by - Answers-the build up of glucose and then beta cells don't produce enough insulin, so they will keep producing which will cause hypoglycemia becoming resistant to insulin and extra glucose because it is not binding to receptors and then it will become hyperglycemic and now insulin and glucose cannot bind to cells
Highest population at risk for metabolic syndrome - Answers-People who live a sedentary lifestyle Native americans and hispanics visceral abdominal fat accumulation What anti-diabetic medication can pregnant women take? - Answers-Glyburide because it does not cross the placenta barrier Why do pregnant women need more insulin? - Answers-Because the infant is producing just as much glucose as the mom, which more insulin is needed to counter act it Does a type 2 diabetic need more or less insulin? - Answers-Less insulin Type 1 require constant insulin because they produce zero insulin Type 2 diabetics will take oral meds until their bodies start to stop reacting to those What BMI is indicative of diabetes - Answers-Above 25 What do catecholamines do to glucose levels? - Answers-Raise it Epi and norepinephrine is released, causing insulin to not bind to glucose How does stress affect glucose levels? - Answers-Stress releases cortisol, which promotes the creation of glucose and will fight against insulin
Glycogenolysis - Answers-breakdown of glycogen to glucose GLUT 1 - Answers-Major glucose transporter at the blood brain barrier GLUT 2 - Answers-Primary glucose transporter in the liver and is present install quantities in the pancreatic B cells GLUT- 3 - Answers-Glucose transport molecules foe pancreatic B cells GLUT- 4 - Answers-Important in muscle and adipose tissue for glucose transport across muscles and TG storage by lipoprotein lipase activation GLUT 1 & 3 transporters - Answers-Insulin independed GLUT- 4 - Answers-insulin dependent incretin effect - Answers-Both hormones stimulate the production of insulin in the presence of glucose, promote proliferation and beta bells, and inhibit apoptosis Fed state glucose levels - Answers-higher Fasting state glucose levels - Answers-lower How does exercise influence insulin levels? - Answers-Insulin levels will drop, glucagon and catecholamine levels initially rise and increase the production of free fatty acids
Loss of fluid volume seen in DKA - Answers-Hypovolemia Glucose may be oxidized for the energy needs of the cell - Answers-Glycolysis Insulin helps glucose ____________ - Answers-Go into the cells, giving them energy Portion of the pancreas that secretes insulin - Answers-beta cells Production of glucose from amino acids and other substrates - Answers- gluconeogenesis Insulin binding to its receptor on target cells results in - Answers-increased facilitated cellular diffusion of glucose Diabetic neuropathy is thought to result from - Answers-decreased myoinositol transport Approximately how many people in the US have diabetes - Answers-34.2 million In DKA, respiratory compensation may occur through a process of - Answers- respiratory alkolosis What dominates the fasting state - Answers-glucagon
Neural regulation controlled by this nervous system - Answers-sympathetic nervous system During exercise, blood sugar will - Answers-drops During stress, blood sugar will - Answers-increase because of corticosteroids When cells create waste, which organ will most commonly be affected? - Answers-Liver If there is an accumulation of waste in cells and water follows them, what happens? - Answers-Cells will swell Pathophysiology includes all of the follow elements except - Answers-Clinical management Understanding the epidemiology of a disease will help with - Answers-prevention Examples of factors influencing epidemiology patterns include all of the following except - Answers-political view What is a clinical sign of a disease - Answers-cough The development of heart failure from untreated hypertension would be an example of a/an - Answers-Sequela
