Download NSG 3280 Exam 4 – Pathophysiology for Nurses (Galen College of Nursing) | Latest 2026/202 and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
NSG 3280 Exam 4 – Pathophysiology for Nurses (Galen
College of Nursing) | Latest 2026/2027 | 100 Verified Questio
ns & Correct Answers with Rationales
Urethritis, cervicitis, and salpingitis STDs Gonorrhea Nongonococcal urethritis Chlamydia Pelvic inflammatory disease Ulcerative lesions with systemic involvement Syphilis Lymphogranuloma venereum Herpes simplex virus Ulcerative lesions only chancroid granuloma inguinale Nonulcerative lesions Genital warts Molluscum contagiosum Vulvovagintis Trichomoniasis Candidiasis Gardnerella vaginalis vaginitis Systemic infections
Cytomegalovirus Hepatitis Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Enteric infections Giardiasis Campylobacter enteritis Shigellosis Amebic dysentery What is usually asymptomatic in women? Gonorrhea purulent vaginal discharge, dysuria, and abnormal vaginal bleeding are symptoms of Gonorrhea in women urethritis, including dysuria and a purulent urethral discharge accompanied by redness and swelling at the site of infection, usually occur after a 3- to 6-day incubation period Gonorrhea in men Gonorrhea is ________ transmitted directly Can gonorrhea spread via lymphatic system? Yes One of the first symptoms of gonorrhea can be ______ of the urethra, causing ________ retention scarring urinary
First choice of treatment for syphilis Benzathine penicillin G After invasion of the mucosa by Chlamydia during sexual contact, a painless lesion appears on the genitalia after a 1- to 3-week incubation period Lymphogranuloma Venereum Persistant HPV infection can lead to cervical cancer After 2 weeks from the sighting of the LVM lesion, what is predicted to happen? inguinal lymph nodes begin to swell, and the systemic symptoms of fever and malaise develop What forms in the lymphnodes, causing the swelling? polymorphonuclear leukocytes Infected lymph nodes become abscessed and may rupture through the skin and body cavities, causing _______ fistula formation Recurrence of HSV infections can be induced by ____, ________, and _________ Stress, immunosuppression, infectious disease In females, the _______ is the primary site of HSV-2 infection cervix In males, the ___________ is the primary site of HSV-2 infection glans penis, foreskin, or penile shaft The virus (HSV) may enter the lymphatic system, causing
inguinal lymphnodes to become edematous and tender Chancroid is typically a cofactor in ______ HIV Chancroids are typically _______ and can spread into larger lesions, which can then spread and _________ organ Painful destruct and erode surrounding initial sign of _________ may be a painless papule or nodule that subsequently ulcerates into an enlarging, granulomatous, red velvety ulcer Granuloma inguinale What organism is the most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease? Neisseria gonorrhoeae ________ is self limiting and does not require therapy Molluscum contagiosum Transmission of Chlamydia during birth may result in ________ or infection of the eyes in the newborn ophthalmia neonatorum What is the initial incubation time for syphilis? 10 - 90 days Is gonorrhea spread through the circulatory system? NO
Sensation of bearing down, discomfort while walking or sitting down, difficulty urinating are S/S of Uterine prolapse where the body of the uterus moved to a position in the posterior of pelvis. Could cause infertility Retroplacement Protrusion of the bladder into the vagina through a deficient in the vaginal wall Cystocele Anterior rectal wall into posterior vagina Rectocele Inflammation of the cervix, uterus, oviducts, and ovaries Caused by IUD, pelvic surgery, abortion, infection PID Inflammation of the broad ligaments and connective tissues Parametritis Inflammation of the vulva or vagina Vulvovaginitis Can be caused by candida albicans, trichomonad vaginalis, Haemophilus vaginalis, N. Gonorrhea, HPV, HSV Vulvovaginitis Candida albicans requires ________ to grow, which during the menstrual cycle, the body increases glycogen levels in the vaginal environment Inflammation to the bartholin gland that provide vaginal lubrication
Bartholinitis Caused by Gonorrhea or chlamydia or abscess formation Bartholinitis Fibroid/ myopia tissue growth in the uterus that happens to about 50% of premenopausal women Uterine Leiomyomas Uterine leiomyomas are reliant on ____________ and usually shrink after _____________ estrogen for growth menopause Sacs on the ovaries that contain fluid or semisolid material on the ovaries Can occur between puberty to menopause Ovarian cysts Ovarian cysts that rupture can cause infection, hemorrhage, or abdominal pain Endometriosis endometrial tissue located outside the uterus ________ are filled with brown blood debris that can rupture and spill onto the perineum, causing _______ Endometriomas peritonitis Cancer in the cervix due to PHV, multiple pregnancies, and HSV Cervical cancer
- Swelling and tenderness
- Mastalgia
- Nodularity
- Dominant Lumps
- Nipple Discharge
- Infections and inflammations Specific Benign Neoplasms
- Fibroadenomas, adenomas, papillomas
- Freely moveable encapsulated masses that are sharply delineated from the surrounding breast tissue
- Usually just one mass breast cancer risk factors
- Age over 50
- Family history, mother, grandmother, sister
- Personal history
- First pregnancy after the age of 30
- Radiation exposure hypospadias congenital abnormality in which the male urethral opening is on the undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip epispadias congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the upper surface of the penis priapism a painful erection that lasts 4 hours or more but is not accompanied by sexual excitement Typically idopathic
phimosis narrowing of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis Paraphimposis foreskin that has been retracted over the glans up onto the shaft of the penis cannot be replaced in its normal position urethral stricture fibrotic narrowing of the urethra and are usually composed of scar tissue Mostly acquired by trauma or gonorrhea penile cancer This is a RARE cancer in men. Mostly in uncircumcised & not very hygienic male. Bacteria harbors in prepuse & are irritants causing carcigenic cancer. Presents with no pain, fatigue & nodular growths. Surgery is usually a Penectomy and client with have a urethrostomy in place after surgery. Phimosis is common in patients with penile cancer due to the constant inflammation hydrocele scrotal swelling caused by a collection of fluid When should a hydrocele be removed? Only if the patient finds it completely unbearable ________ is the inflammation of the testies typically as a response to ________ such as ____________ Epididymititis bacterial infections
Inflammation or a hormonal change triggers metaplasia (conversion of one kind of tissue to a form that is not normal for that tissue). Thus coelomic epithelium at certain sites converts to endometrial epithelium. Metaplasia endometriosis In this theory, a combination of transportation and metaplasia takes place, and regurgitated endometrium chemically induces mesenchyma to form endometrial epithelium. (Currently, this theory is thought to be the most likely explanation for endometriosis.) Induction endometriosis Ovarian cyst may change in size during the __________ Menstrual cycle bleeding between menstrual periods or postmenopausal bleeding is the most common inital symptom of endometrial cancer What test can detect cervical cancer? Mudda fuggin PAP smear Palpable breast masses fluctuates with the menstrual cycle and may be associated with pain or tenderness Fibrocystic breast changes Low parity and having your first child at after the age of 35 will increase your risk of ________ malignant breast cancer cellular aging
- Progressive decline in proliferation and reparative capacity of cells
- Exposure to environmental factors theories of cellular aging
Programmed senescence theory Free radical theory As people age, skin will thin, making blood vessels and bruises for visible produce fewer melanocytes increase age/liver spots that appear on the back of hands and face produce seborrheic keratoses How much of the dermis is lost as you age? 20% There is a loss of stretch and resilience in the dermis, causing a sagging appearance Hypodermis layer will _________ as you age, causing a higher sensitivity to the __________ decrease cold Hair on older people will thin increases in ears, nose, and eyebrows loses pigmentation women will develop chin hair, leg hair, and axillary hair but pubic hair will decrease Nails on older people will become harder, thicker, dull, and more brittle vertical ridges appear growth slows Ligaments, tendons, and joints become
genotype Different forms of the same gene, of the two types of a gene allele One cell divides into two mitosis one cell divides twice to produce sex cells with half the genetic information meiosis chromosomes exchanged to mix mom and dad genes to form new combination crossing over recombinant chromosomes Chromosomes that carry genes from each parent. Radiation, chemicals, or viruses that can alter DNA Mutagens Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) Both limbs of lymphocyte system are missing or defective; no adaptive immune response only affects males having extra or missing whole chromosomes aneuploidy The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called nondisjunction
Most common chromosomal disorder older maternal age can increase the risk Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome) MR Rocker bottom feet Prominent occiput Clenched fists w/overlapping fingers Congenital heart disease Horseshoe kidneys IUGR/FTT 90% die by age 1 Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome) severe cleft lip and/or palate, microphthlamia, severe mental retardation, microcephaly, holoprosencephaly, NTDs, polydactyly, rocker-bottom feet, Cri du chat syndrome A deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5 associated with an array of congenital malformations, the most characteristic of which is an infant cry that resembles a meowing cat. Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) underdeveloped sex organs, breast development, large hands, and long arms and legs Tunrer's Syndrome only one normal X chromosome and an abnormal X chromosome autosomal dominant disorders
Hemophilia A Agents that cause congenital malformations Teratogens TORCH infections T - toxoplasmosis O - other (syphilis) R - rubella C - cytomegalovirus H - herpes all of these can cause genetic mutations
- Avoid __________ during pregnancy radiation A patient diagnosed with a micro-penis must be evaluated for endocrine disorders Cryptorchidism is associated with testicular cancer Is PKU a chromosome abnormality? No It is a single gene abnormality Thalidomide is a teratogen agent The creation of a deformed child teratogenesis
long thin arms and legs, tall and slender, thin fingers, cardiovascular lesions/ hearty valve disorders, aorta is weak Connective tissue disorder autosomal dominant disorder Marfans syndrome Mental deterioration, involuntary movements, symptoms onset at age 40, passed to offspring before parents know about disease Autosomal dominant disorder Huntington disease When both parents are Aa- there is a 75% chance of an offspring inheriting _________ Autosomal dominant disease Breakdown of nerves can cause slower reaction time Pitch discrimination is decreased because of the deterioration of hair cells Medications for ED PDE-5 inhibitors
- Sildenafil
- Vardenafil
- Todalafil patho of syphillis Destroys vascular system Terminal, arterioles and small arteries are destroyed Main organism that causes PID gonorrhea
