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Citing References
A guide to NTU History Style
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NTU Library
Citing References
A guide to NTU History Style
Your library
Boots (City) Brackenhurst Clifton Online Mobile
www.ntu.ac.uk/library Twitter - NTUYourLibrary Facebook - NTU Library Community
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- 1.1 Basics of the history referencing style
- 1.2 How to insert a footnote
- 2 Guidance on the style
- 2.1 Multiple References
- 2.2 Using Exact quotations
- 2.3 Using a quote that appears in another historian's work
- 2.4 Page Numbers
- 3 Creating Citations for your sources.
- 3.1 Single and Joint Authored Books............................................................
- 3.2 Essays in Edited Collections
- 3.3 Journal Article
- 3.4 Internet/Electronic Resources
- 3.5 Video, Film and Broadcast Sources
- 3.6 Documents in Printed or Online Edited Collections
- 3.7 Newspaper
- 3.8 Manuscripts and Unpublished Documents
- 3.9 Theses and Dissertations
- 3.10 Plays and Long Poems
- 3.11 The Bible
- 3.12 Other Sources
- 4 The Bibliography
- 4.1 Structure and format of the Bibliography
- 4.2 What should be included in the Bibliography
- 5 .Further Help and Support
1.1 Basics of the history referencing style
There are two tasks you need to undertake: Citing ā This alerts your reader to the fact that you are using somebody elseās ideas and / or offering evidence to support your argument from the work of others, and gives them immediate information on what your source is. This is done by giving inserting a footnote at the relevant point, with the footnote providing details of the source. Referencing ā This gives a clear list of all the sources you have used in your work, provided in a clear, formulaic order in your bibliography. Examples of both of these will be provided below.
1.2 How to insert a footnote
To insert a footnote, simply click at the point of the text where you wish the footnote to appear. Then select āReferencesā on the ribbon at the top of the Word document, and then select āInsert Footnoteā. A footnote number will be inserted at the point selected, and your cursor will be moved to the relating footnote reference line at the bottom of the page. Insert the full reference of the source used here. Formatting and stylistic requirements of this reference are set out later in this Style Guide.
2 Guidance on the style
In the history style, the footnote should appear either after a comma, or at the end of the sentence, after the full stop. Example
2.1 Multiple References
If you have SEVERAL references contained in one line, then amalgamate these into a single reference by placing a single footnote at the end of this sentence. Then give the details of the references in your footnotes, sequentially, divided by a semi colon. Nathan Nunn has argued that the study of history has an important role to play in understanding planned economic development.^1 However, Henry Ford has claimed, famously, that 'history is more or less bunk'.^2
- Nathan Nunn, 'The Importance of History for Economic Development', Annual Review of Economics , 1: 1 (2009), 65-92.
- Henry Ford, Chicago Tribune , May 25th, 1916.
Example : While detail on how you create references for your footnotes will be detailed later, below you can see examples of how the citations for the above would look.
- Trevor Cooper, 'Choral evensong in the Time of William Laud', Journal of the Ecclesiological Society , 28 (2002), 2-14.
- Peter Smart, 'Articles against Mr. John Cosinā, Surtees Society , 52 (1869), 161-89.
2.3 Using a quote that appears in another historian's
work
Usually, you should only cite or quote from a source if you are examining it directly. For example, if while reading West's article on the Normans you find he has cited/quoted from a book by Golding, and you wish to use this information/quote in your work, then you should try and locate Golding's book and read it yourself. Once you have accessed the text personally, then you will cite the reference as follows: A flavour of the simmering row which boiled over in the Civil War can be gained from one Puritanās complaint about the musical service in Cosinsā time at Durham Cathedral, a few years before he arrived at Cambridge: We object that you John Cosin and your fellows have not only banished the singing of psalms, in the vulgar tunes, by authority allowed, but you have so changed the whole liturgy, that though it be not in Latin, yet by reason of the confusednesss of voices of so many singers, with a multitude of melodious instruments, the greatest part of the service is no better understood, than if it were in Hebrew or in Irish.^5 Brian Golding, Conquest and Colonisation: The Normans in Britain 1066 - 1100 (London, 1994), p. 178.
However, if you are not able to locate or obtain Golding's text, and still feel the need to cite/quote from his work, then you may offer the following footnote reference:
2.4 Page Numbers
Note: if the material cited is located on a single page (e.g. on page 156), then use p. 156. If the material cited ranges over a number of pages (e.g. between pages 233 and 241), then use pp. 233-41.
3 Creating Citations for your sources.
Having insert your footnote, you now need to create your full citation. While this differs slightly between sources: for example, a book will need slightly different information than a journal, however, the basic remain the same. You will need the authorās name, the date of publication, the title, the publisher, the place of publication, and the page number. This information is usually presented to you on the title page of the book or is prominent on the resource you are using. Library OneSearch will also provide the information you need for an accurate reference for those sources made available by NTU Library. Below is a collection of examples on how to cite each type of source you are likely to use in your work, and how it should then appear in the bibliography.
3.1 Single and Joint Authored Books
When referencing a single or joint authored book, the following footnote convention must be adhered to: Brian Golding, Conquest and Colonisation: The Normans in Britain 1066 - 1100 (London, 1994), p. 178, as cited in Francis West, 'Colonial History of the Norman Conquest?', History , 84:274 (1999), p. 226.
In subsequent footnote references to the essay, just the author's surname and a convenient abbreviation of the essay title (still within single quotation marks) should be used. Example: Bibliography Entry Essays listed in the bibliography are sorted alphabetically by author's surname. Entries thus begin with the author's surname, should note the full-page range of the essay, and will follow the following convention: ļ· Author's surname, given name/initials, 'essay title inside single quotation marks', in editor's name (ed.), full title italicised (publisher: place, date of publication), full page range of essay. Example:
3.3 Journal Article
When referencing a journal article, the following footnote convention must be adhered to: First footnote: R. C. North, 'The Revolution in Asia: N. M. Roy', in Leopold Labedz (ed.), Revisionism Essays and the History of Marxist Ideas (Allen: New York, 1962), pp. 95-98. Subsequent footnotes: North, 'N. M. Roy', p. 99. North, R. C., 'The Revolution in Asia: N. M. Roy', in Leopold Labedz (ed.), In Revisionism : Essays on the History of Marxist Ideas (Allen: New York, 1962), pp. 91-100.
ļ· Author's given name/initials, surname, 'article title inside single quotation marks', journal name italicised , volume number (date of publication), page reference. In subsequent footnote references to the journal article, just the author's surname and a convenient abbreviation of the article title (still within single quotation marks) should be used. Example: Note re JSTOR articles: it is not necessary to state the url of articles downloaded in pdf format from JSTOR, as these are copies of extant publications held in many libraries. As such, the formal information noted above will suffice. Bibliography Journal article titles listed in the bibliography are sorted alphabetically by author's surname. Entries thus begin with the author's surname, should note the full-page range of the article, and follow the following convention: ļ· Author's surname, given name/initials, 'article title inside single quotation marks', name of journal italicised , volume number (date of publication), full-page range of article. Example: First footnote: Michael Walzer, 'A Theory of revolution', Marxist Perspectives , 2: 1 (1979), p. 33. Subsequent footnotes: Walzer, 'A Theory of Revolution', pp. 39-41. Walzer, Michael, 'A Theory of Revolution', Marxist Perspectives , 2: 1 (1979), pp. 30-44.
3.5 Video, Film and Broadcast Sources
As with books, your aim when referencing video, film and broadcast sources is to help the reader recover your source. Therefore, provide as much information as possible, adhering to the following conventions: Example for Film Bibliography : Film title , year of release, release company and director/producer, thus: Example of TV or Radio Broadcast Bibliography: Title, production company, channel, date and time, thus: You should feel free to add extra information where relevant. For example, if you were referring to an interview, you ought to state the interviewee and if possible the interviewer before giving the title of the broadcast or film.
3.6 Documents in Printed or Online Edited Collections
Precise rules for citing documents may vary, as different conventions affect different types of documents (e.g. letters are cited by first giving First footnote: Beaumarchais (1996), dir. Edouard Molinaro. Subsequent footnotes: Beaumarchais , dir. Molinato. Beaumarchais (1996, Artificial Eye), dir. Edouard Molinaro. First footnote: Newsnight , (BBC), BBC2, 16 June 2004, 10.30pm. Subsequent footnotes: Newsnight, 16 June 2004, 10.30 pm. Newsnight , (BBC), BBC2, 16 June 2004, 10.30 pm.
the name of writer followed by correspondent and dateline, e.g. Merry to Hawkesbury, Paris 19 June 1802; for printed documents you should cite author, title, date as for books; proclamations etc. might on the other hand lack clear authors). However, the usual rule is to give more detail rather than less, as with any other reference. Note also that 'Primary Sources' should go in a separate section to secondary sources in your bibliography. In Bibliography : you may wish to cite only the documentary collection, especially if you have cited several documents and will so follow the style for edited books given above, but if not, use the following model: Examples for printed primary sources Bibliography : Example for electronic/online primary sources: First footnote: Maximilien Robespierre, 'Speech to the Jacobins, 25 February 1793,' in John Hardman (ed.), The French Revolution Sourcebook (Hodder Arnold: London, 1999), pp. 160-1. Subsequent footnotes: Robespierre, 'Speech to the Jacobins, 25 February 1793,' p.161. Robespierre, Maximilien, 'Speech to the Jacobins, 25 February 1793,' in John Hardman (ed.), The French Revolution Sourcebook (Hodder Arnold: London, 1999), pp. 160 - 1. First footnote: 'Willibald: the Life of St. Boniface', Internet Medieval Sourcebook at http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/Willibald- boniface.html [accessed 4 July 2007]. 160 - 1. Subsequent footnotes: 'Willibald: the Life of St. Boniface'
given at the first citation. Reference codes should follow the conventions used in the relevant repository. Example: Note: Two examples have been given, to demonstrate how this can differ depending on where the document is stored. Bibliography:
3.9 Theses and Dissertations
Example First footnote: National Archives, HO 30/51/22, Lord Cairns to Lord Chief Justice, Letter, 15 July 1878. Subsequent footnotes, NA HO 30, Cairns, Letter, 15 July 1878. First footnote: Cambridge University Library, ADD 7349 (C) Lytton-Stephen Correspondence, 1876-1891, Lytton, Simla, 29 May
Subsequent footnotes, CUL, ADD 7349, Lytton, Simla, 29 May 1876. Home Office Papers, National Archives Cambridge University Library ADD 7349 (C)14 Lytton-Stephen Correspondence, 1876-1891. First footnote: R. J. Ingram, 'Historical Drama in Great Britain from 1935 to the Present' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of London, Birkbeck College, 1988), p. 17. Subsequent footnotes: Ingram, 'Historical Drama in Great Britain', pp. 22-27.
Bibliography :
3.10 Plays and Long Poems
Example: Bibliography :
3.11 The Bible
Both footnote and Bibliography look the same for bible entries, as per the examples below. Examples
3.12 Other Sources
If you have to reference a type of source that is not covered here (e.g. a taped oral history interview; CD-Rom source etc.) the same basic rules of what should be included and the format for the reference apply to all sources. You should give authorial details (where available), title, Ingram, R. J., 'Historical Drama in Great Britain from 1935 to the Present' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of London, Birkbeck College, 1988). First footnote: William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice , ed. John Russell Brown. Second Series (London: Arden Shakespeare, 2001), ii. 3. 10 Subsequent footnotes: The Merchant of Venice , ii. 3. 12- 14 Russell Brown, John (ed.), William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice , Second Series (London: Arden Shakespeare, 2001). Isaiah 22. 17 ii Corinthians 5. 13- 15
Guise Affinity and the Catholic Cause in Normandy (Cambridge, 1998). Collins, James B., The Fiscal Limits of Absolutism (Berkeley, 1988). Connac, Emile, āTroubles de mai 1562 Ć Toulouseā, Annales du Midi , 3 (1891), pp. 310-39. Davies, Joan, āPersecution and Protestantism: Toulouse, 1562- 1575ā, Historical Journal , 22 (1979), pp. 31-51. Davis, Nathalie Zemon, Society and Culture in Early Modern France (Stanford, CA., 1975). etc.
5 Further Help and Support
Contact NTU Libraryās Learning & Teaching Team for advice on citing and referencing: https://www.ntu.ac.uk/library/learning_teaching/contact_us/index.html NTU Library provides training events on a number of subjects, including referencing http://librarybookings.ntu.ac.uk/ NTU Library Referencing and Plagiarism web pages: http://www.ntu.ac.uk/library/developing_skills/referencing_plagiarism/index.html A variety of academic support can be found on the NOW Help pages: