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NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ALL
MODULES PRACTICE SOLUTION SET TEST
CORRECT QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS LATEST 2026 GRADED A+
◉ Absence of menstruation Answer: Amenorrhea
◉ Hormonal disturbances
Stress
Neoplasms (ovarian, adrenal, pituitary tumors) Answer: Amenorrhea
Causes
◉ Cardiovascular disease
Hypervolemia
Depression Answer: Complications of Dialysis
◉ Inflammation of the prostate.
Most common association is E. coli. Answer: Prostatitis
◉ Fever
Chills
Tender prostate
Low back pain
Dysuria
Leukocytosis Answer: Prostatitis S/S
◉ Urine becomes supersaturated with specific solute that forms crystals. Crystallization is enhanced when a person is dehydrated or has higher
than normal levels of solute in the urine from excessive secretion
(calcium, uric acid). Answer: Renal Calculus Cause
◉ Dull, localized flank pain Acute discomfort accompanied by nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating), tachycardia, and tachypnea
(abnormal, rapid breathing) Renal colic (intermittent, sharp pain)
develops as the stone moves to the ureteropelvic junction Answer: Renal
Calculus S/S
◉ Urinary retention
Obstruction to flow
Decreased stream
Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream
Interruption of the stream
Infection caused by retention Answer: Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy S/S
◉ "salt-retaining hormone". Steroid that promotes the retention of Na+
by the kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes
a higher blood volume and pressur Answer: .Aldosterone
◉ Promotes retention of water by kidneys and increases blood pressure. Answer: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
◉ Acute onset of frequency, urgency, and dysuria; pain may be present
in the suprapubic area. The urine may appear pink because of hematuria
or cloudy as a result of the infectious organism. Answer: Cystitis S/S
◉ Highly communicable STI that infects epithelial cells and proliferates into pruritic, painful lesions. Leading cause of cervical cancer. Answer:
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
◉ Presents at the base of the mouth or border of the tongue. Answer: Oral Cancer
◉ Defect in diaphragm allowing a portion of the stomach to pass through the diaphragmatic opening into the thorax. Answer: Hiatal
Hernia
◉ Aging
Chronic straining
Coughing
Obesity
Pregnancy
Ascites (accumulation of protein-containing fluid within the abdomen)
Answer: Causes of Hiatal Hernia
◉ Inflammation of the stomach lining Answer: Gastritis
◉ Postprandial discomfort
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Hematemesis (vomiting blood) Answer: S/S of Gastritis
◉ A break or ulceration in the protective mucosa lining of the lower esophagus (LES), stomach, or duodenum. Answer: Peptic Ulcer Disease
◉ H. pylori
NSAIDs Answer: Causes of Peptic Ulcer Disease
◉ Burning pain on empty stomach
Eating relieves pain
Life-threatening complications, such as GI bleeding, may occur with no
warning. Answer: S/S of Peptic Ulcer Disease
◉ Bleeding between menstrual periods Answer: Metrorrhagia
◉ Bleeding from endometrium during ovulation
Uterine malignancy
Cervical erosions
Endometrial polyps
Estrogen therapy Answer: Metrorrhagia Causes
◉ Occurs when urine is involuntarily lost with increases in
intraabdominal pressure
Precipitated by effort or exertion
Because of weakening of pelvic muscles or intrinsic urethral sphincter
deficiency
May be because of obesity, childbirth-related trauma, pelvic surgery,
diabetes, or degenerative neurologic diseases that impair nerves that
innervate the bladder Answer: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI)
◉ Involuntary sudden leakage of urine along with or immediately following the sensation of a need to urinate (urgency)
Because of an overactive detrusor muscle
May be idiopathic, because of bladder infection, radiation therapy,
tumors or stones, or CNS damage Answer: .Urgency urinary
incontinence (UUI)
◉ Urgency associated with increased daytime frequency and nocturia
Answer: Overactive Bladder Syndrome
◉ Results from a combination of stress and urge incontinence Answer: Mixed Incontinence
◉ Broad classification of voiding dysfunction in which the specific cause is a pathology that produces a disruption of nervous
communication governing micturition. Answer: Neurogenic Bladder
◉ Bladder becomes so full that it leaks urine, or "overflows" Causes:
obstruction of the urethra; underactive/inactive detrusor muscle Answer:
Overflow Incontinence
◉ Related to physical or environmental limitations resulting in an inability to access a toilet in time Answer: Functional Incontinence
◉ Sudden onset and as a result of potentially reversible conditions such as infections, constipation, or fecal impaction. Answer: Transient
Incontinence
◉ Associated with infection above the waist (oral, lips, eyes, epidermis). Often affects children <5 years. Answer: .HSV-1 Pathogenesis
◉ "Cold sores," "chancres" Answer: HSV-1 S/S
◉ "Genital herpes" Mostly genital, anal, and perianal Answer: HSV-
Pathogenesis
◉ Oral lesions
Genital infection includes fluid-filled vesicles after 3-7-day incubation
period Answer: HSV-2 S/S
◉ Absolute insulin deficiency Answer: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
◉ (Accelerated hyperthyroidism) Form of life-threatening thyrotoxicosis
that occurs when excessive amounts of thyroid hormones are acutely
released into circulation Increased temperature
Tachycardia
Hypertension
Extreme restlessness Answer: Thyroid Storm
◉ Glucagon breaks down stored glucose during the fasting state. Answer: Glycogenolysis
◉ Continued insulin deficiency leads to lipolysis of body tissues--free fatty acids produced by the breakdown of fat from adipose tissue.
Answer: Diabetic Ketoacidosis Pathogenesis
◉ Deep, labored respirations that are "fruity" in odor (Kussmaul respirations)
Hypovolemia
Hyperkalemia Answer: Diabetic Ketoacidosis S/S
◉ Hypercortisolism; excess circulating glucocorticoids. Exogenous steroid use is the most common cause. Answer: Cushing Syndrome
◉ Round face with prominent, flushed cheeks ("moon face")
Weight gain with increasing total body fat, especially the abdomen
Thin, fragile skin
Dorsocervical & supraclavicular fat pad
Mood swings
Insomnia
Loss of libido Answer: Cushing Syndrome S/S
◉ Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia (hunger)
Nausea
Fatigue
Blurred vision
More prone to infections
Dawn phenomenon: rise in glucose in early morning hours from growth
hormone, cortisol, glucagon, and epinephrine release Answer: Diabetes
S/S
◉ Occurs in severe or prolonged hypothyroidism Generalized, nonpitting edema
Decreased level of consciousness, hypotension, hypothermia
May progress to coma Answer: Myxedema
◉ Insufficient ADH activity characterized by excessive loss of water in the urine.
◉ Intrinsic malfunction of the hormone-producing gland. Ex. thyroid
gland fails to secrete thyroid hormones and serum level T4 becomes
lower Answer: Primary Endocrine Disorder
◉ Malfunction of the hypothalamus/pituitary cells that control the hormone-producing target gland.
Ex. Pituitary gland fails to release TSH, secondarily reducing thyroid
gland production, so both T4 and TSH levels are abnormally low in
circulation. Answer: Secondary Endocrine Disorder
◉ Growth hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids
(cortisol and aldosterone)) Answer: Hormones Released by Anterior
Pituitary Gland
◉ Regulates parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Detects serum calcium concentration and help maintains constant levels
through the regulation of calcium absorption and resorption from bone
Answer: Parathyroid Gland
◉ Predisposing factors include smoking and exposure to carcinogenic chemicals (cigarettes, aniline, dyes, paint, cement)
Chronic UTI is associated with increased risk Answer: Bladder Cancer
◉ Form of hyperthyroidism with increased synthesis and secretion of T
and T3 that presents with thyromegaly (diffusely enlarged thyroid),
thyrotoxicosis, and, often, exophthalmos (enlargement of retroorbital
muscles causing protrusion of the eyes). Answer: Graves' Disease
◉ Can exhibit mineralorticoid (function is to maintain normal salt and water balance by promoting sodium retention and potassium excretion)
activity in high concentrations. Answer: Cortisol
◉ The backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus through the LES Answer: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
◉ Reflux esophagitis (esophageal inflammation caused by the highly acidic refluxed material)
Heartburn
Regurgitation
Chest pain
Complications include esophageal strictures & Barrett's esophagus
Answer: GERD S/S
◉ the loss of propulsive ability by the bowel and may occur after abdominal surgery or in association with hypokalemia, peritonitis,
severe trauma spinal fractures, ureteral distention, and the administration
of medications such as narcotics. Answer: Functional Obstruction
Most commonly found in infants and children. Stasis of the stool and
megacolon may occur in the abnormally innervated section of the bowel.
Answer: Hirschsprung Disease
◉ Inflammation of the pancreas. Autodigestion of the pancreas from enzyme activation. Answer: Pancreatitis
◉ High fat diet
Alcohol intake Answer: Causes of Pancreatitis
◉ Steady, boring pain in epigastrium or LUQ Increases in intensity
Severe tenderness on palpation
Radiates or penetrates to back
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal distention
Hypoactive bowel sounds
Low-grade fever Answer: .Pancreatitis S/S
◉ Limit alcohol consumption
Low-fat diet
Regular exercise
Smoking cessation Answer: Pancreatitis Prevention
◉ Kidney infection
Ascends from lower urinary tract
Most effective preventative measure is early removal of catheter
Answer: Pyelonephritis Cause
◉ Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness is the classic symptom. It is frequently accompanied by fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia.
Answer: .Pyelonephritis S/S
◉ Most commonly the first test for prostate cancer Answer: Serum
Prostate-Specific Antigen
◉ Sharp, suprapubic cramping severe enough to limit activity
Nausea
Vomiting, Diarrhea, Headache Answer: .Dysmenorrhea S/S
◉ Uterus sinks from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina
Treatment: hysterectomy Answer: Uterine Prolapse
◉ May be asymptomatic
Persistent epigastric/RUQ pain
Intolerance to fatty foods
Belching
Flatus
Low-grade fever Answer: Hepatitis s/s
◉ Problems in delivery of food/fluid into esophagus. Worse with liquids than solids. Answer: Dysphagia Type 1
◉ Problems in transport of bolus down esophagus. Sensation food is
"stuck" behind sternum. Answer: .Dysphagia Type 2
◉ Problems in bolus entry into stomach.
Tightness or pain in substernal area during swallowing process Answer:
Dysphagia Type 3
◉ "Hidden testes": testes incompletely descended, external to the canal or located in a position other than scrotum Answer: Cryptorchidism
Pathogenesis
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