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NUR 907 Week 2 Test With
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_______ _________ is the natural epithelial barrier & inflammation & confers innate resistance & protection (hint natural) - ANSWER Innate immunity ________ ________ inflammation associated with infection usually Uniates an adaptive process that that results in a long term & effective immunity (hint acquired) - ANSWER Adaptive immunity The 2 defense mechanisms are - ANSWER Natural barriers & inflammatory response Ex of natural barriers - ANSWER Physical, mechanical, biochemical __________ ___________ is activated to protect the body from further injury/infection & promote healing. It's a rapid activity biochem & cellular processes - ANSWER Inflammatory response Examples of first line of defense - ANSWER Physical & mechanical barriers Biochemical barriers Normal microbiome Ex of physical barriers - ANSWER Epethelial cells & mucus lining in GI, genitourinary, & resp tract Goblet cells in resp tract Skin has low pH
Ex of mechanical barriers - ANSWER Goblet cells cells secrete mucus to traps Microorganisms Cleansing & washing Ex of biochemical barriers - ANSWER Epithelial derived chemicals- mucus sweat, saliva, tears( trap & kill) Antimicrobial peptides- proteins secreted from epithelial cells that destroy pathogens Ex. Of normal microbiome - ANSWER Microorganisms that colonize on body's surface (eyes, in GI, urethra, vagina) If immune system decreased, some bacteria can affect individuals- ex. Yeast infection What is the second line of defense - ANSWER Inflammation ________ is programmed to respond to cellular/tissue damage - ANSWER Inflammation ________ ________ is rapid, designed to limit the extent of damage, destroy infectious pathogens, initiate adaptive immune response, & begin healing - ANSWER Inflammatory response Causes of acute inflammatory response - ANSWER Cell injury by: hypoxia, genetics, immune response, chemicals, microorganisms, heat, cold, or radiation Presence of hosts, microbes, or someone else's dead cells 3 characteristics of vascular response in inflammation - ANSWER Vasodilation Increased vascular permeability
_____________ pathway starts by activated proteins (C1) of adaptive immune system bound to antigens - ANSWER Classical ________ pathway is activated by mannose binding lectin, bind to bacterial polysaccharides, & the cascades will result in cell lysis - ANSWER Lectin _________ pathway is activated by gram - bacterial & fungal cell wall polysaccharides - ANSWER Alternative ____________ infuse rapid mast cell degranulation & release of histamines - ANSWER Analhylatoxins ________ ________ attract leukocytes to site of inflammation - ANSWER Chemotatic factor ___________ is a molecule that tags microorganisms making them more susceptible for phagocytosis - ANSWER Opsonin What starts the clotting cascade? - ANSWER Compliment cascade & Hageman factor (XII) What is the function of the clotting system - ANSWER -prevents spread of infection -stops bleeding, clot formation -traps microorganism, keeps at site of injury
- provides framework for repair -activates kinin system What turns on kinin system - ANSWER Factor XII & the complement cascade ________ is the primary produce in the kinin system. It dilates the vessels & acts w/ prostaglandins to cause increased permeability, increased
chemotaxis, & cause smooth muscle contract - ANSWER Bradykinin Within kinin system, _________ enzymes are present in plasma & tissue to limit the extent of inflammation - ANSWER Kininase Control of the 3 systems is important for what two reasons - ANSWER -inflammatory process is critical for an individuals survival -biochemical mediators are very potent so their actions need to be confined Inactivating plasma protein systems include - ANSWER Histaminase Carboxypeptidase Fibrinolytic system C1 esterase inhibitor ___________ inactivated the anaphylatoxic activities & kininases - ANSWER Carboxypeptidase ________ degrades histamine & kallikrein - ANSWER Histaminase _________ __________ activated when clot is formed & is designed to limit size of clot & remove it when bleeding stops - ANSWER Fibrinolytic system _________ is formed by plasminogen & degrades fibrin clots. It also can activate the compliment cascade by activating C1 - ANSWER Plasmin ____ - _______ ________ inhibits the complement activation - ANSWER C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-inh)
Inactivate inflammatory responses include these actions - ANSWER -Enzymes in plasma that can destroy
Types of cytokines include - ANSWER Chemokines Interleukins Interferons Tumor necrosis factor alpha Lymphokines & monokines proinflammatory interleukins include - ANSWER IL1 & IL IL1- fever causing & activates monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes IL6- induces hepatocytes to produce proteins What interleukin is anti inflammatory - ANSWER IL10- suppresses growth & production of cytokines & lymphocytes ______ protect primarily against viral infection - ANSWER Interferons _______ has the primary function of inducing leukocyte chemotaxis & it mainly affects eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, & monocytes - ANSWER Chemokines _______ cells are the most important activator in inflammatory response. Located in loose connective tissue - ANSWER Mast _________ are found in the blood & have the same fx as mast cells - ANSWER Basophils Mast cells are released by _______ & ______ - ANSWER Degranulation & synthesis What does mast cell activation include - ANSWER Physical Injury chemical agents, immunologic means, activation of TLRs, allergic response
_________ are releases from mast cells & act in membrane phospholipids. Their effects are similar to histamines - ANSWER Leukotrienes ________ are vasoactive & cause constriction of smooth muscle & dilation of post capillary venues which increases flow & vascular permeability - ANSWER Histamines ___________ causes increased vascular permeability & smooth muscular contraction, suppresses the release of histamines from mast cells & reads of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils - ANSWER Prostaglandins ________ is when a cell invests & disposed of damages cells, forgein material, & microorganisms - ANSWER Phagocytosis What cells are phagocytes - ANSWER Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Dendritic cells Monocytes/macrophage
These phagocytes are the first to arrive to site of injury & sensitive to acidic environment so they will become a component of exudate when they die - ANSWER Neutrophils
These phagocytes are mild but have two functions. To protect against parasites & helps regulate vascular mediators released from mast cells - ANSWER Eosinophils
These cells recognize & eliminate cells infected with viruses & abnormal cells like cancer cells They provide cytokines(messenger cell) & are principle in adaptive immunity
- ANSWER Natural killer cells
Local manifestations of inflammation - ANSWER -Heat & redness(result of vasodilation & increased blood flow) -swelling (result of increased fluid& cells, pressure changes) -pain(pressure of swelling & prostaglandins)
systemic manifestations of inflammation - ANSWER - fever(induced by cytokines) -leukocytosis (increased wbc>11,000) -plasma protein synthesis
Causes of chronic inflammation - ANSWER -Unsuccessful treatment of acute inflammation -bacteria resistant to phagocytosis
- bacteria that can survive in macrophages
- bacterial toxins that damage tissues
_______forms if macrophages can not clear up infection so body will wall infectious area off - ANSWER Granuloma
_______ is the replacement of damaged tissues w/ healthy tissue w/ complete return of normal function - ANSWER Regeneration
_________ is the restoration of normal function but cannot happen if damage is bad. Therefore ______ =replaced destroyed tissue with scar tissue - ANSWER Resolution Repair
3 processes of wound healing - ANSWER fill in Seal (epithialization) Shrink the would (contraction)
_______ _______ - when a wound heals with little tissue loss - ANSWER Primary intention
______ ______ - when a wound takes longer to heal & needs more tissue replacement - ANSWER Secondary intention
3 phases of wound healing - ANSWER Inflammation, proliferation & new
The compliment system activates ... - ANSWER Proenzymes
What are the two pathways of the clotting cascade - ANSWER Extrinsic & intrinsic
What is the difference between the extrinsic & intrinsic pathways of the clotting cascade - ANSWER Extrinsic- vessel wall injury triggers hageman factor
Intrinsic- activated by tissue factor
Functions of kinin system - ANSWER -Increase permeability -Increase chemotaxis -Work with prostaglandins to create pain -dilate microcirculation
The H1 receptor is located where & does what - ANSWER Located in bronchi turns on inflammation response
H2 receptor is located where & does what - ANSWER Stomach & suppresses inflammation response
What cells have H1 & H2 receptors - ANSWER Neutrophils
_______ is similar to histamine- it has a prolonged effect & is slow to react - ANSWER Leukotrienes
____________ cells in wound healing can take away debris along with secrete a factor so new capillary buds can form (only for duration of wound healing ) - ANSWER Macrophages/monocytes
