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NURS 3366- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TEST 2 WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Innate (natural) resistance - ANSWER - >defense mechanisms we are born with. 1st line of resistance - ANSWER - >body's physical barriers; immediate and non-specific 2nd line of resistance - ANSWER - >inflammation; immediate and non- specific Acquired (adaptive) immunity - ANSWER - >3RD line of defense; delayed and specific; able to resist certain diseases or conditions due to immunocyte involvement First line of defense - ANSWER - >skin and mucous membranes Stressors that can breach skin defense - ANSWER - >lacerations, abrasions, punctures Eye's defense - ANSWER - >tears, eyelashes sressors that can breach eye's defense - ANSWER - >dry eye syndrome, sjogren's syndrome Sjogren's syndrome - ANSWER - >autoimmune disease that dries up all lubricating fluids in the body respiratory system defenses - ANSWER - >mucus and hair in nose; cilia of cells in bronchi; cough reflex
GI system defenses - ANSWER - >saliva, stomach acid, gag reflex/vomiting, bowels, defecation Genitourinary system defenses - ANSWER - >urine flow, vaginal secretions Inflammation - ANSWER - >second line of defense; state on Innate defense; immediate and nonspecific S/S of inflammation - ANSWER - >swelling, heat, redness and pain Inflammation Example 1 - ANSWER - >first line of defense (skin) is breached with a laceration -->clot formation to stop bleeding-->scab formed to seal breach Inflammation Example 2 - ANSWER - >meningitis microbe is inhaled (breaches 1st line of defense mucous membranes)-->inflammation--
inflammation can't heal on it's own and calls in 3rd line of defense (immunocyte response)-->acquired immunity immunocyte response - ANSWER - >acquired defense; 3rd line of defense; delayed and specific; results in ACQUIRED IMMUNITY antigens - ANSWER - >proteins located on the surface of red blood cells (determine blood type) antibodies - ANSWER - >Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen. T lymphocytes (T cells) - ANSWER - >defend the body by direct attack against invading microbes
vasodilation - ANSWER - >widening of blood vessels; leak plasma from blood into tissue mast cells - ANSWER - >found in the connective tissue of the dermis; respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances, including heparin and histamine macrophages - ANSWER - >phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells neutrophils - ANSWER - >A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease. steps of inflammatory response - ANSWER - >1. Irritation/injury--
stimulates "leakiness"-->mast cell degranulation-->vasodilation
- neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize dirt, debris, dying tissue, and/or microbes found in tissue
- macrophages will secrete chemotactic substances to "call" immunocytes to come to the area via bloodstream; lymphocytes create memory of microbe
- clotting factors, platelets and fibrin come together to create healing, granulating tissue Degranulation - ANSWER - >breaking apart of mast cells with spillage of granules of biochemical mediators into tissue granulating tissue - ANSWER - >pink, healthy, healing tissue granuloma - ANSWER - >a hunk of tissue that has been chronically inflamed and is now essentially scar tissue systemic inflammatory response - ANSWER - >involves the entire body
sepsis - ANSWER - >normal systemic response; toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection S&S of systemic inflammation - ANSWER - >malaise, aches and pains, fever, low BP, increased WBCs (leukocytosis), increased neutrophils, elevated CRP Not enough inflammation - ANSWER - >defect in phagocytic functions (cause leukopenia and neutropenia, chemotactic defects); complement deficiencies too much inflammation - ANSWER - >SIRS, sepsis, septic shock, chronic inflammation Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) - ANSWER - >when normal systemic inflammatory response goes into overdrive; wide spread inflammation occurs S&S of SIRS - ANSWER - >1) unexplained change in mental status (confusion, not as awake and alert as normal).
- fever of more than 100.4° F
- increased heart rate
- increased respiratory rate
- abnormal white blood cell count (over 10,000) septic shock - ANSWER - >a serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial infection affects the body; vasodilation, low blood volume, low BP
