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NURS 6630 Week 7 Assignment; Concept Map Template, Assignments of Nursing

Walden UniversityNursing

NURS 6630 Week 7 Assignment; Concept Map Template

Typology: Assignments

2024/2025

Available from 06/19/2025

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Concept Map Template
Primary Diagnosis: Alzheimer’s Disease
1. Describe the pathophysiology of the primary diagnosis in your own words. What are the
patient’s risk factors for this diagnosis?
Pathophysiology of Primary Diagnosis
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurological disorder of the brain that progresses over time. AD
is not a normal part of aging. Three characteristics set Alzheimer's patients' brain tissue apart.
The presence of neurofibrillary tangles formed out of fibrous proteins in the neurons, beta-
amyloid plaques (deposition of materials that resemble proteins), and granulovacuolar
degeneration of neurons.AD causes the breakdown of neuropils which are dense complexes of
interwoven cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells and neuroglial cells. Usually seen in the
frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes. It is not uncommon for the brain ventricles to increase in
size.
Causes Risk Factors (genetic/ethnic/physical)
Idiopathic
Mutations
oChromosome 21
Abnormal amyloid
precursor protein
14 [APP14]
Abnormal presenilin
1 [PSEN1]
Abnormal presenilin
2 [PSEN2]
Apolipoprotein E Alleles (APOE)
oAPOE-epsilon 2
oAPOE-epsilon 3
oAPOE-epsilon 4
late-onset
Strong risk
Neurochemical variables
oInsufficiencies in substance P,
norepinephrine, somatostatin,
and acetylcholine
acetylcholine = severity
Risk Factors
Age
Blacks and Hispanics
Family history
Female- 2/3 of all diagnosis
Diabetes
midlife hypertension, obesity
hyperlipidemia
smoking
depression
cognitive activity
estrogen at time of menopause
physical activity
head trauma
homocysteine
cholesterol levels
oxidative stress
neuroinflammation
Protective Factors
lifelong activity, the
presence of apoE2 and
antioxidant substances
omega-3 fatty acids
estrogen replacement at the time
of surgical menopause
low-calorie diet
pf3
pf4
pf5

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Concept Map Template Primary Diagnosis: Alzheimer’s Disease

  1. Describe the pathophysiology of the primary diagnosis in your own words. What are the patient’s risk factors for this diagnosis? Pathophysiology of Primary Diagnosis Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurological disorder of the brain that progresses over time. AD is not a normal part of aging. Three characteristics set Alzheimer's patients' brain tissue apart. The presence of neurofibrillary tangles formed out of fibrous proteins in the neurons, beta- amyloid plaques (deposition of materials that resemble proteins), and granulovacuolar degeneration of neurons.AD causes the breakdown of neuropils which are dense complexes of interwoven cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells and neuroglial cells. Usually seen in the frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes. It is not uncommon for the brain ventricles to increase in size. Causes Risk Factors (genetic/ethnic/physical)  Idiopathic  Mutations o Chromosome 21  Abnormal amyloid precursor protein 14 [APP14]  Abnormal presenilin 1 [PSEN1]  Abnormal presenilin 2 [PSEN2]  Apolipoprotein E Alleles (APOE) o APOE-epsilon 2 o APOE-epsilon 3 o APOE-epsilon 4  late-onset  Strong risk  Neurochemical variables o Insufficiencies in substance P, norepinephrine, somatostatin, and acetylcholine   acetylcholine = severity Risk Factors   Age  Blacks and Hispanics  Family history  Female- 2/3 of all diagnosis  Diabetes  midlife hypertension, obesity  hyperlipidemia  smoking  depression   cognitive activity   estrogen at time of menopause   physical activity  head trauma   homocysteine   cholesterol levels  oxidative stress  neuroinflammation Protective Factors  lifelong activity, the  presence of apoE2 and antioxidant substances  omega-3 fatty acids  estrogen replacement at the time of surgical menopause  low-calorie diet

 Use of nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory agents

  1. What are the patient’s signs and symptoms for this diagnosis? How does the diagnosis impact other body systems and what are the possible complications? Signs and Symptoms – Common presentation How^ does^ the^ diagnosis^ impact^ each^ body system? Complications?  Memory loss o Forgetting important dates, events, people, or names. o  Difficulty in planning, solving problems, or making decisions o Managing Money o Following instructions  Confusion o Not orientated to person, time, place, or situation,  Remembering past events as if they were present  Aphagia o Not finding the right words, repeating questions, or misunderstanding conversations.  Changes in mood, behavior, or personality o Depression  social activities, losing interest in friends, family, or favorite pastimes. o  anxious o  irritability o  aggressive  Physical/verbal  Hallucinations Immune system o  the immune system  Difficulty fighting off infections and diseases   risk of developing diabetes, cancer, or autoimmune disorders Musculoskeletal system o Muscle weakness o Stiffness o Contractures o  risk of falls,  Fractures o Osteoporosis   mobility and balance Digestive system o  appetite, taste, and smell  Weight loss  Malnutrition  Dehydration. o Constipation o Diarrhea o Incontinence Respiratory system o  ability to swallow and cough  Aspiration pneumonia o Pneumonia  Most common cause of death for those with Alzheimer's Cardiovascular system

 Infections  Diabetes  Liver disease  Kidney diseases Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) o Measure levels of beta-amyloid and tau proteins,  Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease o Lumbar puncture Brain imaging tests Give details regarding the anatomy and physiology of the brain and identify symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, such as impaired glucose metabolism, atrophy, or plaque accumulation. Computed tomography (CT) scan o Cross-sectional images of the brain o Shows size and shape of brain o detect strokes, tumors, or bleeding Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan o Magnetic and radio waves shows detailed images of brain  Shows alterations in the brain tissue that are subtle and identify vascular injury, infection, or inflammation Positron emission tomography (PET) scan o Radioactive tracer is injected into the bloodstream  Taken up by brain cells  Shows the usage of glucose by brain cells  Identifies regions where activity is low.  Demonstrate the existence of amyloid plaques o Using a tracer known as amyloid PET Neuropsychological tests o Performed by licensed psychologists who have specialized training in neuropsychology  Also known as Neuropsychologist Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) Brief Test o Measures general cognitive function. o Questions test  Orientation, memory, attention, calculation, language, and visuospatial skills o Example - What is the year? Season? Date? Day of the week? Month? Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Slightly longer o Measures mild cognitive impairment o Task test  Attention, concentration, memory, language, executive functions, visuospatial skills, abstraction, and orientation

There is no cure for AD, treatment will be based on the severity of the disease. Medications are prescribed in the attempt to slow down the progression. Medications include cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine and memantine. Being admitted into a locked memory care unit may be an option for a person that has severe symptoms. Family may not be able to provide the level of care needed or are experiencing caretaker burnout. The locked unit is skilled to provide music therapy, social experience, and physical activity.

  1. What treatment options would you consider? Include possible referrals and medications. o Example - Asked to connect numbered and lettered dots in an alternating sequence, copy a drawing of a cube, and draw a clock that reads 10 minutes past 11: Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog) Comprehensive o Measures cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease o Tasks test  Memory, language, praxis, orientation, and attention o Three chances to recall as many words as possible from a list of 10 words that were shown  Tests short-term memory